All people are relatives!
Андрей Тихомиров
It has been scientifically proven that man is a mutated monkey (Homo sapiens) and the closest relatives to us according to the decoded genome are primates. Everything else (creationism, the "selectivity" of certain peoples) is nothing more than self-deception. Man, just like other beings, did not appear as a result of the actions of "divine forces", but only through mutations, genetic changes.
Андрей Тихомиров
All people are relatives!
All people are relatives! It has been scientifically proven that man is a mutated monkey (Homo sapiens) and the closest relatives to us according to the decoded genome are primates. Everything else (creationism, the "selectivity" of certain peoples) is nothing more than self-deception. Man, just like other beings, did not appear as a result of "divine forces", but only through mutations, genetic changes. The main mutation occurred about 2.4 million years ago in a gene that controls the development of jaw muscles and in modern humans is called MYH16. As a result of this seemingly small change in the genome, the jaw muscles of our ancestors began to weaken, which forced the use of the first tools – a digging stick and a nucleus (processed stone), the future prototype of the scepter and the power of royalty. It was the change in the jaw muscles, which, having become less powerful, exerted less pressure on the skull, which ensured its different structure, allowing the development of a much larger brain, because only human cubs have non-overgrown places on the head (fontanelles), which are delayed over time by 3-5 years. No other living beings have this! According to the latest scientific research, all modern diverse humanity comes from one small African tribe. But there were other types of people: Neanderthals, Pithecanthropus, Synanthropus and others, some of them died out, some assimilated with Homo sapiens.
There is also a mathematical proof of kinship, in this case from the point of view of increasing the number of relatives exponentially (with an average difference between generations of 25-35 years): any person has 1 two parents 2, they also have two parents, that is, it turns out four 4, further 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048… 8 589 934 592 In other words, 1000 years ago, any living person had more ancestors than now lives on the whole globe. The answer to the paradox is simple: in fact, there are many times fewer ancestors, since people entered into incestuous contacts (incest), often without knowing about it. If you go back to more ancient times, then, of course, there will be even more ancestors.
Some consider early humans in China to be transitioning from an upright man to an Asian lineage with modern anatomy. The authors of the work on Homo longi have a different opinion: the "dragon man" is an independent branch that arose in Africa about a million years ago.
Having no analysis of ancient DNA in their hands, scientists applied the Bayesian approach – a mathematical method that allows you to build an evolutionary tree based on heterogeneous source data. According to calculations, intelligent man lived on the territory of China already 400 thousand years ago. This contradicts the results obtained earlier.
In 1978, two incomplete human skulls and bone fragments were found during excavations in the Apidima cave in northern Greece. Anthropologists have determined that one belonged to early Homo sapiens, the other to a Neanderthal. The uranium-thorium method showed the age of the find – 210 thousand years. This is the oldest intelligent person outside the ancestral homeland. However, some researchers doubt that the skulls from Harbin and Apidima can be attributed to Homo sapiens, and criticize the dating.
And here is a new sensation – in Israel, several fragments of a 140-120 thousand-year-old skull were found in the Nesher Ramla cave. They combine archaic and advanced Neanderthal features, so scientists consider them as a special ancestral line of this kind of people. And given the general details with two more types of people, a hypothesis about a special line of Neanderthal ancestors, isolated about 400 thousand years ago and ended its existence in Nesher Ramla, suggests itself. At the same time, Sapiens had already settled in the caves to the north of them.
So far, the history of the human race is rather complicated and far from complete. The reason for this is a lot of finds not only in Europe and Africa, but also in the Middle East, in China. And, of course, this is not the limit. Different degrees of preservation, a variety of techniques open up a wide scope for interpretation. One thing is clear: for the last 200 thousand years, the planet has been inhabited by many populations of ancient people, including Homo sapiens. They actively migrated, exchanged technologies, and possibly interbred.
The earth, whether we want it or not, is invaded by monkeys who call themselves the first (primate from Latin. primatus is the first place, seniority) and whatever one may say, but the so–called intelligent people (Homo sapiens) are just one of the 200 species currently living – from lemurs to humans of the order of primates or monkeys. Well, what kind of monkeys, to one degree or another, many people know: loud, noisy, with a herd instinct, with a pronounced hierarchical system of dominance-subordination, matriarchy prevails in many species of monkeys. Emotions, grimacing, clowning, etc. in monkeys often prevail over reason. All this also takes place in man, the first monkey of the planet.
Finds of the remains of various humanoid creatures, such as Pithecanthropus, Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals, which modern science considers the ancestors of man, are not uncommon. Such finds are periodically made by archaeologists in very ancient layers – over 30, 50 and even 100 thousand years.
Modern science believes that the creation of man is associated with genetic mutations, ancient viruses. Various viruses embedded in the genome of ancient hominids (humanoid creatures) led to the formation of diverse humanoid creatures. Of these, eventually, in the course of an endless struggle for existence, the modern species – homo sapiens – won. At the same time, there were other types of hominid humanoid creatures, studies of recently discovered burial grounds in Kenya (east Africa) indicate that homo habilis (skilled man) and homo erectus (homo erectus) lived side by side. They could mate and, apparently, from this promiscuity (unlimited sexual relations), the modern species, homo sapiens, originated. And all the diversity of humanoid beings, modern races, is the result of an endless struggle for existence, when humanoid beings had sexual contacts with close species and not only, for example, various forms of sexual relations are known – bestiality, necrophilia, homosexuality, etc.
French scientists from the University of Rouen discovered a new strain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2009. According to them, it is transmitted to humans from gorillas. This is the first recorded case of HIV infection from primates, with the exception of chimpanzees – three known types of immunodeficiency virus have passed to humans from these primates. The virus was detected in a French-born woman living in Cameroon. She did not eat monkey meat, so scientists believe that the infection occurred sexually from another person.
Scientists from the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences claim that ancient viruses made a human from an ancient hominid. "Genes, as can already be argued, are similar in humans and monkeys, they secrete ordinary proteins, but viruses change their ratio, distribution and the time spent on it," explained Vyacheslav Tarantula, deputy director of the Institute. Almost simultaneously with the Russians, the Americans voiced their theory of the transformation of monkeys into Homo sapiens. According to biologists and plastic surgery specialists from the University of Pennsylvania, they managed to discover a single genetic mutation, thanks to which the earliest human ancestors began to differ from their ape-like predecessors. In fact, we are talking about the moment of a person's birth on planet Earth. This mutation, scientists say, occurred about 2.4 million years ago in a gene that controls the development of jaw muscles and in modern humans is called MYH16. As a result of this seemingly small change in the genome, the jaw muscles of our ancestors began to weaken, which forced the unfortunate to change their habits, menus, and look for the first tools. They had to adapt to the new features of the body, learn how to cook food, somehow process it. It was the change in the jaw muscles, which, having become less powerful, exerted less pressure on the skull, provided a different structure, allowing a much larger brain to develop, this powerful "computer" is serviced by well-developed sensory organs. As a result, the ape-like creature took a stick in its paws, and decided not to let it out of them anymore. This may explain the fact that the pathways leading from the brain to the spinal cord in humans intersect, so that the right hemisphere controls the left half of the body, and the left – the right. But the rest of the monkeys were deprived of such a mutation and still have powerful jaws and a weak brain relative to humans. In human cubs, the sutures connecting the bones of the skull can move apart as they grow and there are fontanelles – areas of the brain that are not covered by bone. With age, the fontanelles overgrow, and when the brain reaches a normal size, the size of the skull no longer increases. However, brain growth continues and many modern children's fontanelles do not overgrow for a long time. The biblical story about the curse of Eve "in sickness you will give birth to children" goes back to the ancient "divine" explanation of why women give birth with pain. Monkeys and humans remained omnivores, not specializing in any kind of food, so their dental system is close to the original type, which was formed even in the ancient beast-toothed lizards – reptiles. Humans have color binocular vision, like monkeys. Great apes lived in a fairly constant climate and did not have a clearly defined breeding season, so women developed a menstrual cycle lasting 28 days, that is, conception is possible 13 times a year, the cycle is under the control of the endocrine system.
The mutation occurred only in one population of ancient hominids, the rest of the individuals from this population most likely died. The death may have occurred due to some disease, infection, radiation, infection, etc., which led to a significant reduction in the population of ancient hominids, the remaining (conditional Adam and Eve) were able to survive weakened and give offspring with genetically modified muscles of the cheekbones (the zygomatic arch is the legacy of the beast-toothed lizards), these genes turned out to be dominant by mating with close relatives from other populations, this mutation became fixed and developed further in human ancestors.
Previously, it was believed that the mystery is in those genes that are different in humans and monkeys, in 2006, even a section of the genome was discovered that changed the most in humans, but this did not clarify. It is possible that the differences between a monkey and a man lie not only in different genes, but also in the same ones. Ralph Hagood and his colleagues from Duke University were able to prove the correctness of this guess. Scientists analyzed 6280 genes that are present in humans, chimpanzees and macaques. It turned out that in 575 human genes, many of which were associated with brain function and, more surprisingly, nutrition, promoters have strong differences from their counterparts in monkeys. Promoters are silent genes that, under favorable conditions, perform a regulatory function, that is, they direct the work of other genes. Promoters, if necessary, produce proteins, which in turn affect the work of other genes. Scientists considered this a sign of positive evolutionary selection, which helped us become who we are. Interestingly, the sections of DNA that most strongly distinguish a monkey from a human are associated with brain function and nutrition. More than 100 genes from 575 distinct sites are associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates, and especially glucose. Heywood believes that once a person received energy for brain development due to changes in the diet – the transition from fruits to tubers and roots.
Вы ознакомились с фрагментом книги.
Для бесплатного чтения открыта только часть текста.
Приобретайте полный текст книги у нашего партнера:
