И если на генетическую предрасположенностью и обстоятельства жизни влияние самого человека ограничено, изменение поведенческих моделей находится в его власти. Можно изменить свое отношение к жизни, образ мыслей, привычки, повысить самооценку и так далее.
При этом важным элементом роста счастья является выполнение какой-либо деятельности, требующей волевых усилий, например регулярное обучение чему-либо. Таким образом, внешние обстоятельства, которые не связаны с преднамеренной активностью, не оказывают длительного влияния на субъективное благополучие. В то время как целенаправленная деятельность, связанная с посильными затруднениями и волевыми решениями, дает основу пролонгированному изменению уровня благополучия[14 - Лебедева, А. А. (2012). Теоретические подходы и методологические проблемы изучения качества жизни в науках о человеке. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 9(2), 3–19.].
Психологическая наука предлагает также диагностический инструментарий, который позволяет измерять личностные ресурсы, воспринимаемую поддержку, жизненную позицию, субъективное благополучие. Анна Хегай приводит следующие индикаторы, связанные с благополучием, которые можно измерить до и после реализации социально-психологических проектов и программ:
1) Резильентность (способность к восстановлению и росту после стресса).
2) Жизнестойкость (вовлеченность, принятие риска, контроль).
3) Чувство связанности (постижимость, управляемость, осмысленность жизни).
4) Оптимизм.
5) Самооценка.
6) Самоэффективность (вера в свою способность справляться).
7) Толерантность к неопределенности.
8) Самоконтроль.
Как отмечает Анна Хегай, включение соответствующих опросников (например, тесты жизнестойкости, шкала удовлетворенности базовых потребностей, скрининг тревоги и депрессии, опросник восприятия будущего) в проведение оценки социальных проектов и программ позволяет получить новый важный пласт знаний об их воздействии.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Как показала конференция АСОПП 2023 года, подходы к оценке благополучия и счастья многообразны и очень интересны. Как отмечают эксперты, при их использовании важно, чтобы субъективный и объективный подходы использовались в комплексе, гармонично дополняя друг друга. Оценка эффективности каждого из этих подходов требует разработки собственного инструментария. При этом, участники конференции неоднократно отметили, что разного рода аналитические инструменты, используемые в рамках обоих подходов, помогают принимать управленческие решения, основанные на данных.
Говоря о других сессиях конференции АСОПП, большое внимание участников привлекли сессии трека «Оценка социокультурных проектов» – по данным организаторов, в них приняли участие более 150 человек. Доклады, представленные в рамках трека, были посвящены опыту как больших фондов, поддерживающих культурные проекты, которым нужно оценивать результаты своих программ, так и небольших НКО, которые оценивают свои проекты.
В следующих выпусках журнала «Позитивные изменения» мы подробно раскроем некоторые темы докладов, звучавших на конференции. Посмотреть записи всех сессий конференции можно в группе АСОПП во ВКонтакте[15 - https://vk.com/asopp] и на странице ассоциации в YouTube[16 - https://www.youtube.com/@asopp].
What’s Your Happiness Index? A Glimpse into the Annual Conference of the Association of Specialists in Program and Policy Evaluation
One of the pivotal events of this autumn for Russian professionals engaged in the field of evaluation is the annual conference hosted by the Association of Specialists in Program and Policy Evaluation. The central theme of the 2023 conference was assessing the quality of life and well-being. In this piece, we explore the experiences and practices shared by conference participants regarding the implementation and application of monitoring and evaluation in the social sphere.
Yulia Vyatkina
Editor, Positive Changes Journal
SHIFTING THE SPOTLIGHT TO HAPPINESS
The IX conference of the Russian Association of Specialists in Program and Policy Evaluation (ASPPE) took place online on October 17–18, 2023. This year’s conference featured 42 presentations and hosted 14 thematic and discussion sessions. The event drew over 500 attendees from all corners of Russia, spanning from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in the Far East to Kaliningrad in the West and Makhachkala in the South, the organizers say.
The conference program encompassed two main tracks: “Wellbeing-Focused Evaluation” and “Evaluation of Sociocultural Projects,” in addition to thematic segments dedicated to evaluation in specific domains – such as social entrepreneurship, working with children with special developmental needs, individuals with disabilities, and various forms of chronic illnesses. As usual, several sessions were also devoted to evaluation methodologies.
“The program was exceptionally rich, packed with engaging and substantive presentations. The relevance of the issues on the table and the profound discussions surrounding them underscore that interest in evaluation remains unwavering. I believe that thanks to our speakers and partners, whom I’d like to extend my heartfelt appreciation to, the conference offered an opportunity for all participants to expand their knowledge, enhance their professional competencies, delve into existing practices, and introduce their real-world working experiences to colleagues. In my view, this event holds great significance and utility, nurturing a sense of unity within the evaluation community and inspiring fresh achievements,” remarked Anna Lygina, President ASPPE.
The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, which is responsible for evaluating the implementation of state programs and policies, among other things, has been an active participant in the conference for several years. In recent times, this regulatory body has been actively championing an evidence-based approach.
“In 2021–2022, we organized an extensive competition for government and municipal employees to encourage the adoption of an evidencebased approach in decision-making.[17 - Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. (2022). Competition of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation “Practices and initiatives of evidence-based approach to management decision-making” – 2022. Retrieved from: https://ach.gov.ru/page/contest-2022?ysclid=lq6lwqk97z789634494. (accessed: 11.12.2023).] In 2023, in collaboration with the Financial University, we are hosting a research project competition for undergraduate and graduate students.[18 - Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. (2023). Research Project Competition “Application of Evidence-Based Approach for Evaluation of State Programs, Projects, and Measures.” Retrieved from: https://ach.gov.ru/statements/konkurs?ysclid=lq6m h5we6i912394087. (accessed: 11.12.2023).] We aspire to cultivate a community of individuals passionate about evaluation among students, researchers, and decision-makers,” stated Anastasia Kim, Deputy Head of Inspection at the Research and Methodology Department of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, during the ASPPE conference’s opening session.
The central theme of this year’s conference revolved around the evaluation of quality of life and well-being. As early as the 1960s, researchers began to conclude that gross domestic product (GDP) and the standard of living were not the ideal indicators to describe society’s life and individual well-being. That is how the concept of “quality of life” emerged, oriented toward a comprehensive assessment of various aspects of societal life, including non-material ones.[19 - Almakaeva, A. (2018). How is Quality of Life Researched? 21.05.2018. PostNauka. Retrieved from: https://postnauka.org/faq/86535. (accessed: 11.12.2023).]
In 1972, the concept of Gross National Happiness was introduced by the King of Bhutan in place of the commonly used GDP. This immediately elevated a small South Asian nation to become a trailblazer among countries making happiness the cornerstone of national policy. In 2008, the kingdom developed the corresponding tool – the Gross National Happiness Index. Happiness indices have since been calculated for various countries. One example is the World Happiness Report, published by the UN’s Sustainable Development Solutions Network.[20 - Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., Aknin, L. B., De Neve, J.-E., & Wang, S. (Eds.). (2023). World Happiness Report 2023 (11th ed.). Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Retrieved from: https://worldhappiness.report/. (accessed: 11.12.2023).] According to the 2023 report, Russia ranks 70th out of 137 countries in terms of happiness, with Finland, Denmark, and Iceland leading the chart.
THROUGH THE PRISM OF HAPPINESS AND WELL-BEING: AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Approaches to assessing the quality of life, well-being, and happiness are intricately interlinked, as noted by Natalia Kosheleva, a member of the ASPPE Board and a consultant specializing in monitoring and evaluating socially oriented programs and projects.
According to the expert, these approaches can be categorized into three major groups, distinguished by their impact scale:
1. National/Territorial
Programs and policies aiming to enhance the quality of life, well-being, and happiness of people within a specific country or territory.
2. Organization-Specific
Programs or projects whose objective is to promote the quality of life, well-being, and happiness of individuals within a given organization.
3. Individual
The goal of programs and policies is to ensure the quality of life, well-being, and happiness of specific individuals.
The national/territorial approach can be illustrated by Bhutan, where the Gross National Happiness Index encompasses 9 spheres of human life:
• Psychological well-being;
• Health;
• Time utilization (e.g., adequate sleep is considered an important part of well-being);
• Education;
• Cultural diversity and sustainability;
• Quality management;
• Quality of life in local communities;
• Ecological diversity;
• Standard of living.
The survey questionnaire for the Gross National Happiness Index comprises 249 questions. For instance, in the Psychological Well-Being section, residents of the kingdom are asked to identify the 6–7 most important factors and elements that contribute to their happiness, rate the quality of their life on a scale of 0 to 10, and express how much pleasure they derive from it.
Which units can we measure well-being in? The Happiness Research Institute suggests a unit of measurement known as WALY (Wellbeing Adjusted Life Years) – life years adjusted based on the subjective level of well-being. This approach originates from the field of medicine, where health is measured in QALYs (Quality Adjusted Life Years) and DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years).
In essence, WALY is akin to a kilowatt-hour: if we have an electrical device with a power of one kilowatt, it consumes one kilowatt-hour of electricity in an hour of continuous operation. When calculating WALY, subjective well-being ratings on a scale of 0 to 10 are used as “power,” where 10 signifies complete life satisfaction. If a person is completely satisfied with their life for a year, the well-being “consumed” amounts to one WALY, Natalia Kosheleva explains.
