The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide: Volume 2: Reader’s Guide PART 1

The titles of several books about Tolkien frequently referred to in the Companion and Guide are abbreviated for convenience:

The Art of The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien, by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (2011) as Art of The Hobbit.

The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (2015) as Art of The Lord of the Rings.

J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (1995; corrected edn. 1998) as Artist and Illustrator.

J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography by Humphrey Carpenter (1977) as Biography.

Brothers and Friends: The Diaries of Major Warren Hamilton Lewis, edited by Clyde S. Kilby and Marjorie Lamp Mead (1982) as Brothers and Friends.

J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography by Wayne G. Hammond with the assistance of Douglas A. Anderson (1993) as Descriptive Bibliography.

The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends by Humphrey Carpenter (1978) as The Inklings.

J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment, edited by Michael D.C. Drout (2006) as J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia.

Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, selected and edited by Humphrey Carpenter, with the assistance of Christopher Tolkien (1981), as Letters.

J.R.R. Tolkien: Life and Legend by Judith Priestman for the Bodleian Library (1992) as Life and Legend.

Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien, with a foreword and notes by Christopher Tolkien (1979; 2nd edn. 1992), as Pictures.

The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (2005; 3rd edn. 2014) as Reader’s Companion.

The Tolkien Family Album by John and Priscilla Tolkien (1992) as The Tolkien Family Album.

In the Chronology BBC radio broadcast times are given according to the schedule applying to London and the South-east. Also in the Chronology, where the direction See note is given, the reader should consult the section of explanatory or supplemental notes beginning on p. 817.

Although selected cross-references are provided in the main sequence of boldfaced headings in the Reader’s Guide, for full direction to the many names, titles, and topics mentioned in this book the reader is advised to consult the index.

An asterisk (*) before names, titles, words, or phrases in the Chronology indicates that a corresponding entry may be found in the Guide; and in using the Guide, the reader may wish to consult the Chronology for a more detailed view of a particular segment of time. We have also used asterisks in the Reader’s Guide for internal cross-referencing, but selectively – not, for example, applying an asterisk to every instance of the name ‘Oxford’ (the city or the university), only where it seemed potentially most useful.

In general, we have applied the recommendations of the Oxford Style Manual, except where guided by personal bibliographic or typographic taste. Citations within the text are shortened appropriately; full citations are given in the general bibliography (‘Works Consulted’) in the Reader’s Guide. Omissions from quoted matter, except for brief extracts, are indicated by ellipses (…).

As in the original edition of this book, we apologize for typographical errors and inconsistencies of practice or form. We have tried to spot these during writing, revision, and indexing, but in a work of this length and complexity (now even longer and more complex than it was) they seem inevitable. No doubt we will hear about them from readers, and will acknowledge genuine errors and attempt to correct them in the appropriate pages of our website, www.hammondandscull.com.

Unless otherwise stated, the opinions expressed in this book are our own.

*

WE ARE PLEASED to be able to prepare this much revised and enlarged text more than ten years after the first edition of our Companion and Guide. By 2016 stocks of the book were exhausted, and we agreed with our editors at HarperCollins, David Brawn and Chris Smith, who thought that a new edition would be better than a reprint. Because the existing Reader’s Guide was already more than 1,200 pages, and we estimated off the cuff that we would be able to add to it at least 100 pages (in the event, more than 300), it was clear that the new edition would need to expand from two volumes to three, with the Chronology remaining one volume. And because the Chronology itself was long, and would itself grow by more than fifty pages, we needed to move appended material (family trees and bibliographies) previously in the Chronology to the end of the expanded Reader’s Guide.

There was no lack of new material to be considered. In the decade since 2006 at least a standard shelf of new works or new editions of works by Tolkien were published, and at least three shelves of works about him (with no sign of this ceasing anytime soon). And as we reviewed our existing text, we saw that some portions needed to be enlarged, and a few points reconsidered. We also saw that here and there we could improve readability by dividing long paragraphs.

As in 2006, we had to choose not only what to include in our coverage but what to omit. Was an event of sufficient moment? Was a person or place of sufficient importance in Tolkien’s life? No doubt some of our necessarily subjective decisions will seem arbitrary, perhaps even to us once this new edition is in print. We might, for instance, have included a biographical article for Ursula Dronke (née Brown) as we did for Stella Mills, both students of Tolkien, but Mills was demonstrably close to Tolkien and his family, and in the end one has to set some limits, according to one’s judgement at the moment. In any case, we have added a number of articles to the Reader’s Guide, for persons associated with Tolkien, influences and analogues, and concepts such as ‘authorial presence’ and Tolkien’s manner of composition in writing.

At the beginning of our preface to the Companion and Guide we state that although our book ‘often will be found useful by itself … its purpose is equally to point to other resources in which a subject is more fully considered or differing points of view are expressed’ (p. ix). That is, we cite works of reference or criticism upon which we drew for our text or which expand upon what we wrote, by authors whose points of view may differ one from the other. In doing so, we have tried not to impose a particular interpretation – in cases of interpretation rather than of fact – and were careful not to cite only those references which support our personal views, if we have any. We could not, of course, cite every work which touches upon a given subject, and we felt that in choosing works to cite we should apply our expertise in Tolkien studies and mention only those resources which were especially useful, cogent, or well written – and so to this extent, at least (and in our notation of important writings in our list of ‘Works Consulted’), we express our own opinion.

We would also like to point out, in reply to a criticism we received after publication of the Companion and Guide, that it is in no way feasible to cite our precise source for every piece of data. We have done so to the extent possible, identifying sources of quoted matter and documenting (at some length) the printed and principal online resources upon which we relied; but to do more would have needed another volume for that purpose alone. A single sentence in the Chronology, for instance, might be drawn from two or three sources, while some Reader’s Guide articles are based on dozens.

As always, we are grateful to members of the Tolkien family for their assistance and support. For the original edition, Christopher Tolkien acted as our mentor, a greater task than could be imagined when this book was first proposed (as a single volume), and with his sister Priscilla shared memories of their father. Priscilla Tolkien also read parts of the first edition text in draft, and suggested valuable additions and improvements. Joanna Tolkien, Michael George Tolkien, and Simon Tolkien were also of assistance.

We would like to thank David Brawn at HarperCollins for his suggestion that we write for J.R.R. Tolkien the equivalent of Walter Hooper’s excellent C.S. Lewis: A Companion & Guide, and Chris Smith for help in matters of production. Thanks are due as well to Cathleen Blackburn of Maier Blackburn, legal representatives of the Tolkien Estate, who has guided us in matters related to copyright and permissions to quote from Tolkien’s writings.

Also for the original edition, we owe special thanks to Arden R. Smith, who kindly read most of the book in typescript and advised us especially on matters concerning Tolkienian linguistics; to Douglas A. Anderson, for reading parts of the Companion and Guide, for sharing with us information about Tolkien’s early poetry, and for supplying other useful details; and to John Garth, for allowing us to read an early draft of part of his Tolkien and the Great War (2003) and for saving us time during our own early research in the National Archives by supplying us with pertinent reference numbers.

We are deeply grateful to the highly knowledgeable staff of many libraries and archives, including: Owen Dobbs, Blackwell’s Bookshops; Neil Somerville, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park, Reading; Philippa Bassett, University of Birmingham Archives; Sandy Botha, Bloemfontein Cathedral; Judith Priestman, Colin Harris, Catherine McIlwaine, and other staff of the Department of Special Collections and Western Manuscripts, Bodleian Library, Oxford; the staff of Duke Humfrey’s Library, Bodleian Library; the staff of the Bodleian Law Library; Angela Pusey, British Academy; the staff of the Department of Manuscripts, British Library, London; John Wells, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Cambridge University Library; the staff of the Centre for Oxfordshire Studies, Oxford Central Library; Richard Hamer, Vincent Gillespie, and Judith Curthoys of the library of Christ Church, Oxford, for the Early English Text Society archive; the staff of Christie’s, South Kensington; Thomas Lecky and Francis Wahlgren of Christie’s, New York; Christine Butler, archives of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; Susan Usher, the English Faculty Library, Oxford; Paul Cavill, the English Place-Name Society; Lorise Topliffe and John Maddicott, Exeter College Library, Oxford; Natalie Milne, Glasgow University Archive Services; the staff of HarperCollins, London; the staff of the Houghton Library, Harvard University; Ólöf Dagný, Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag (Icelandic Literary Society), Reykjavík; Kerry York, King Edward’s School, Birmingham; Ann Farr and Sarah Prescott, Brotherton Library, the University of Leeds; Mark Shipway, Leeds University archives; Charles Elston, Matt Blessing, William Fliss, and others in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Fiona Wilkes and Sarah Bendall, Merton College Library, Oxford; the staff of the National Archives, Kew (formerly the Public Record Office); Tony Cadogan, National Sound Archives, British Library, London; John Foley, National University of Ireland; Simon Bailey and Alice Blackford, Oxford University Archives; Martin Maw and Jenny McMorris, Oxford University Press Archives; Rob Wilkes, Oxford Theses (Humanities), Bodleian Library; Naomi Van Loo and Ellena J. Pike, McGowin Library, Pembroke College, Oxford; the staff of the Radcliffe Science Library, Oxford; Michael Bott, Department of Archives and Manuscripts, University of Reading; Meic Pierce Owen, University of St Andrews Library; David Smith, St Anne’s College Library, Oxford; Carolyn Warne, St Leonard’s School, Fife; Claire Goodwin, Simmons College Archives, Boston, Massachusetts; Roger Dalrymple, Society for the Study of Mediaeval Languages and Literature; Sister Helen Forshaw, archives of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus; Phillip Errington, Sotheby’s, London; the staff of the Staffordshire Archives Service; the staff of the Taylor Institution Library, Oxford; Lucy Wright, the library of University College, London; Kirsten Williams, Viking Society for Northern Research; Christopher Mitchell, Marjorie Mead, and the staff of the Marion E. Wade Center, Wheaton College, Illinois; the libraries of Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts; and Joanna Parker, Worcester College Library, Oxford.

For assistance in ways both large and small, we are grateful to Mikael Ahlström; Chris Anderson; Pauline Baynes; Paula Bergstrom; Craig Bowen; David Bratman; Denis Bridoux; Hugh Brogan; John Buckelew; Maggie Burns; Marjorie Burns; Raymond Chang; Joe R. Christopher; Oronzo Cilli; ‘Darkstone’; David ‘Hisilome’; Merlin DeTardo; Michaël Devaux; ‘diedye’; David Doughan; Brad Eden; Jeremy Edmonds; Julian Eilmann; John Ellison; Andrew Ferguson; Jason Fisher; Matt Fisher; Timothy Fisher; Michael Flowers; Troels Forchhammer; Mike Foster; Steve Frisby; Christopher Gilson; Diana Pavlac Glyer; Nelson Goering; David M. Gransby; Colin Harper; John Hayes; David Henshall; William C. Hicklin; ‘hisataka’; Mark Hooker; Carl F. Hostetter; Charles A. Huttar; Jeff Kinder; David King; Stuart Lee; R.G. Leonberger; Josh B. Long; Julia Margretts; Jeremy Marshall; Fiona Mercey; Ed Meskys; Gregory Miller; Peter Miskech; Andrew H. Morton; Matthias Nauhaus; Rumas Nicholas; Ed Pierce; Juha-Matti Rajala; John D. Rateliff; Alan and Louise Reynolds; Paolo Romeo; René van Rossenberg; Elena Rossi; William A.S. Sarjeant; Marek Srodziemie; Simon Stacey; Vivien Stocker; Beregond (Anders Stenström); Yvan Strelzyk; Richard Sturch; Agnieszka Sylwanowicz; Makoto Takahashi; Tonny ten Dam; Paul Edmund Thomas; George H. Thompson; Morgan Thomsen; Johann Vanhecke; Tony Wearing; Richard C. West; Diana and Barry Willson; Susan Wood; and Jessica Yates. Our apologies to anyone whose name we have missed.

Too many of the kind readers, dear friends, and valued colleagues acknowledged here are no longer with us; to them we give special thoughts and thanks for their contributions. Most especially, we remain indebted to the dedicatee of this book, the late Rayner Unwin, for advice in the writing of the Companion and Guide and for many years of friendship and encouragement.

Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond

Williamstown, Massachusetts

April 2017

LIST OF ARTICLES

Abercrombie, Lascelles

Ace Books controversy

Acocks Green (Warwickshire)

Acta Senatus

Adaptations

The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)

The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book

Ae Adar Nín

Ainulindalë

Akallabêth: The Downfall of Númenor

Alcar mi Tarmenel na Erun

Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner’s Wife

Aldershot (Hampshire)

Allegory

The ‘Alphabet of Dairon’

Aman

Ambarkanta: The Shape of the World

‘The Ambidexters Sentence’

Ancrene Riwle

Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad

Annals of Beleriand

Annals of Valinor

Appearance

An Application for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon … Oxford

Art

The Art of The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien

The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien

Arthur and the Matter of Britain

Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth

Atlakviða

Atlantis

Attacks of Taste

Auden, Wystan Hugh

‘Of Aulë and Yavanna’

Authorial Presence

Barfield, Arthur Owen

Barnett, Allen

Barnsley, Thomas Kenneth

Barnt Green (Worcestershire)

Barrie, James Matthew

Barrowclough, Sidney

The Battle of Maldon

The Battle of the Eastern Field

The Battles of the Fords of Isen

Baynes, Pauline Diana

Bedford (Bedfordshire)

‘Of the Beginning of Days’

‘Of Beleriand and Its Realms’

Belgium

Bennett, Henry Stanley

Bennett, Jack Arthur Walter

Beowulf

Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary Together with The Sellic Spell

Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics

‘Of Beren and Lúthien’

Beren and Lúthien (book)

Berkshire

Bibliographies

The Bidding of the Minstrel, from the Lay of Eärendel

Bilbo’s Last Song (at the Grey Havens)

Biographies

Birmingham and environs

Birmingham Oratory

Blackwell, Basil Henry

Bliss, Alan Joseph

‘The Bodleian Declensions’

Bombadil Goes Boating

The Book of Lost Tales

The Book of Lost Tales, Part One

The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two

Bournemouth (Hampshire)

Bowra, Cecil Maurice

Bradley, Henry

Braunholtz, Gustav Ernst Karl

Brett-Smith, Herbert Francis Brett

Brewerton, George

Brogan, Denis Hugh Vercingetorix

Brookes-Smith family

Brown, Walter Rolfe

Bryson, John Norman

Buchan, John

Buckhurst, Helen Thérèse McMillan

Burchfield, Robert William

Calligraphy

Cambridge (Cambridgeshire)

Campbell, Alistair

Campbell, Ignatius Roy Dunnachie

Carr, Charlie

Carroll, Lewis

Carter, Douglas

Cat

Cecil, Edward Christian David Gascoyne

Celtic influences

Chambers, Raymond Wilson

Chandler, Pamela

Chaucer, Geoffrey

Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve’s Tale

Cheddar Gorge and Caves (Somerset)

Cheltenham (Gloucestershire)

Chesterton, Gilbert Keith

Childe, Wilfred Rowland Mary

Children

The Children of Húrin (book)

Círdan

Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan

The City of the Gods

Classical influences

The Clerke’s Compleinte

Clevedon (Somerset)

A Closed Letter to Andrea Charicoryides … Sometimes Known as Charles Williams

Coghill, Nevill Henry Kendal Aylmer

Collecting and sales

Collingwood, Robin George

‘Of the Coming of Men into the West’

‘Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor’

Common Eldarin Noun: Structure

‘Common Quendian Declension’

Comparative Tables

The Complaint of Mîm the Dwarf

Composition, Manner of

The Converse of Manwë and Eru

Cornwall

Corrected Names of Chief Valar

The Corrigan

Cowling, George Herbert

Craigie, William Alexander

The Creatures of the Earth

Criticism

Cromer (Norfolk)

Cuivienyarna

Cullis, Colin

Dagnall, Margery Kathleen Mary, known as Susan

Dangweth Pengoloð

Darbishire, Helen

D’Arcy, Martin Cyril

D’Ardenne, Simonne Rosalie Thérèse Odile

‘Of the Darkening of Valinor’

Davis, Norman

Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray

Day, Mabel Katherine

De Zulueta, Francis

Declension of Nouns

A Description of the Island of Númenor

The Devil’s Coach-Horses

The Disaster of the Gladden Fields

Walt Disney Studios

Dobson, Eric John

Domestic duties

Doworst

The Dragon’s Visit

Dragons

Drama

The Drowning of Anadûnê

Dundas-Grant, James Harold

Of Dwarves and Men

Dyson, Henry Victor Dyson

Éalá Éarendel Engla Beorhtast

Earendel at the Helm

‘Early Chart of Names’

‘Early Noldorin Grammar’

‘Early Qenya Pronouns’

Earp, Thomas Wade

Eddison, Eric Rucker

‘Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië’

Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals

The Elvish Alphabets

Elvish Song in Rivendell

Emery, Augustin Robert

The End of the Third Age: The History of The Lord of the Rings, Part IV

England

English and Medieval Studies Presented to J.R.R. Tolkien …

English and Welsh

English language

‘English–Qenya Dictionary’

Enigmata Saxonica Nuper Inventa Duo

Of the Ents and the Eagles

‘The Entu, Ensi, Enta Declension’

Environment

Eriol and Ælfwine

Errantry

Escape