Decision threshold this indicator allows you to define the cut-off point for classifying observations. Observations with predicted values greater than the classification cutoff are classified as positive, and those with predicted values less than the cutoff are classified as negative[356 - Decision threshold [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#decision-threshold (дата обращения: 26.06.2023)].
Decision tree is a tree-and-branch model used to represent decisions and their possible consequences, similar to a flowchart[357 - Decision tree [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#decision-tree (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)].
Decision tree learning – uses a decision tree (as a predictive model) to go from observations about an item (represented in the branches) to conclusions about the item’s target value (represented in the leaves). It is one of the predictive modeling approaches used in statistics, data mining and machine learning[358 - Обучение дерева решений [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Обучение_дерева_решений (дата обращения: 11.05.2023)].
Decision Tree uses tree-like graph or model as a structure to perform decision analysis. It uses each node to represent a test on an attribute, each branch to represent the outcome of the test, and each leaf node to represent a class label[359 - Decision Tree [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#decision-tree (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)],[360 - Decision Tree [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)],[361 - Дерево решений [Электронный ресурс] https://loginom.ru URL: https://loginom.ru/blog/decision-tree (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)].
Declarative programming is a programming paradigm – a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs – that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow[362 - Declarative programming [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)],[363 - Декларативное программирование [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декларативное_программирование (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)].
Decoder in general, any ML system that converts from a processed, dense, or internal representation to a more raw, sparse, or external representation. Decoders are often a component of a larger model, where they are frequently paired with an encoder. In sequence-to-sequence tasks, a decoder starts with the internal state generated by the encoder to predict the next sequence. Refer to Transformer for the definition of a decoder within the Transformer architecture[364 - Decoder [Электронный ресурс] https://dic.academic.ru URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/317857 (дата обращения: 18.02.2022)].
Decompression – used to restore data to uncompressed form after compression[365 - Decompression [Электронный ресурс] www.umich.edu URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#D (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Deductive classifier is a type of artificial intelligence inference engine. It takes as input a set of declarations in a frame language about a domain such as medical research or molecular biology[366 - Deductive classifier [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_classifier (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)].
Deductive Reasoning, also known as logical deduction, is a reasoning method that relies on premises to reach a logical conclusion. It works in a top- down manner, in which the final conclusion is obtained by reducing the general rules that hold the entire domain until only the conclusion is left[367 - Дедукция, стр. 36 Педагогический словарь: учеб. пособие для студ. высш. П24 учеб. заведений/ [В.И.Загвязинский, А.Ф.Закирова, Т. А. Строкова и др.]; под ред. В.И.Загвязинского, А.Ф.Закировой. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2008. – 352 с. (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)].
Deep Blue was a chess supercomputer developed by IBM. It was the first computer chess player that beat the world cham- pion Garry Kasparov, after six-game match in 1997[368 - Deep Blue [Электронный ресурс] www.ststworld.com URL: https://www.ststworld.com/deep-blue/ (дата обращения 18.01.2022)].
Deep Learning (DL) is a subfield of machine learning concerned with algorithms that are inspired by the human brain that works in a hierarchical way. Deep Learning models, which are mostly based on the (artificial) neural networks, have been applied to different fields, such as speech recognition, computer vision, and natural language processing[369 - Deep Learning (DL) [Электронный ресурс] https://www.algotive.ai URL: https://www.algotive.ai/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-deep-learning-the-technology-that-mimics-the-human-brain (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Deep model is a type of neural network containing multiple hidden layers. Contrast with wide model[370 - Deep model [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/deep-model (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Deep neural network is a multilayer network containing several (many) hidden layers of neurons between the input and output layers, which allows modeling complex nonlinear relationships. GNNs are now increasingly used to solve such artificial intelligence problems as speech recognition, natural language processing, computer vision, etc., including in robotics[371 - Deep neural network [Электронный ресурс] https://machinelearningmastery.ru URL: https://www.machinelearningmastery.ru/how-to-stop-training-deep-neural-networks-at-the-right-time-using-early-stopping/ (дата обращения: 08.02.2022)].
Deep Q-Network (DQN) in Q-learning, is a deep neural network that predicts Q-functions. Critic is a synonym for Deep Q-Network[372 - Deep Q-Network (DQN) [Электронный ресурс] https://machinelearningmastery.ru URL: https://www.machinelearningmastery.ru/check-point-deep-learning-models-keras/ (дата обращения: 24.02.2022)].
DeepMind is an artificial intelligence company founded in 2010 and later acquired by Google in 2014. DeepMind developed Alphago program that beat a human professional Go player for the first time[373 - DeepMind [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)],[374 - Компания DeepMind [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions[375 - Default logic [Электронный ресурс] https://semanticscholar.org URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Default-logic/175799 (дата обращения 18.01.2022)].
Degree of maturity is the degree of clarity (clarity) of the definition, management, measurement, control and implementation of a specific technological process[376 - Степень зрелости [Электронный ресурс] https://studbooks.net URL: https://studbooks.net/2028981/informatika/ pyatiurovnevaya_model_zrelosti_tehnologicheskogo_protsessa_ razrabotki_programmnogo_obespecheniya (дата обращения: 02.07.2023)].
Demographic parity is a fairness metric that is satisfied if the results of a model’s classification are not dependent on a given sensitive attribute[377 - Demographic parity [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#demographic-parity (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)].
Denoising it is the task of machine vision to remove noise from an image. It is a common supervised learning approach in which noise is artificially added to the dataset and the system removes it on its own[378 - Denoising [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#denoising (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Dense feature is a feature in which most values are non-zero, typically a Tensor of floating-point values. Contrast with sparse feature[379 - Dense feature [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/dense-feature (дата обращения: 26.06.2023)].
Dense layer – synonym for fully connected layer[380 - Dense layer [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#dense-layer (дата обращения: 26.06.2023)].
Depersonalization of personal data – actions, as a result of which it becomes impossible, without the use of additional information, to determine the ownership of personal data by a specific subject of personal data[381 - Обезличивание персональных данных [Электронный ресурс] https://www.consultant.ru URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/ cons_doc_LAW_61801/4f41fe599ce341751e4e34dc50a4b676674 c1416/ (дата обращения: 11.05.2023)],[382 - Depersonalization of personal data [Электронный ресурс] https://e-zso.com URL: https://e-zso.com/en/policy/ (дата обращения: 11.05.2023)].
Depth – the number of layers (including any embedding layers) in a neural network that learn weights. For example, a neural network with 5 hidden layers and 1 output layer has a depth of 6[383 - Depth [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/depth (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Depthwise separable convolutional neural network (sepCNN) is a convolutional neural network architecture based on Inception, but where Inception modules are replaced with depthwise separable convolutions. Also known as Xception. A depthwise separable convolution (also abbreviated as separable convolution) factors a standard 3-D convolution into two separate convolution operations that are more computationally efficient: first, a depthwise convolution, with a depth of 1 (n ? n ? 1), and then second, a pointwise convolution, with length and width of 1 (1 ? 1 ? n). To learn more, see Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions[384 - Depthwise separable convolutional neural network (sepCNN) [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#depthwise-separable-convolutional-neural-network-sepcnn (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Description logic is a family of formal knowledge representation languages. Many DLs are more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive than first-order logic. In contrast to the latter, the core reasoning problems for DLs are (usually) decidable, and efficient decision procedures have been designed and implemented for these problems. There are general, spatial, temporal, spatiotemporal, and fuzzy descriptions logics, and each description logic features a different balance between DL expressivity and reasoning complexity by supporting different sets of mathematical constructors[385 - Description logic [Электронный ресурс] https://semanticscholar.org URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Description-logic/31118 (дата обращения 28.02.2022)].
Design Center is an organizational unit (the entire organization or its subdivision) that performs a full range or part of the work on creating products up to the stage of its mass production, and also has the necessary personnel, equipment and technologies for this[386 - Дизайн-центр [Электронный ресурс] https://kartaslov.ru URL: https://kartaslov.ru/значение-слова/дизайн-центр (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)].
Developmental robotics (DevRob) (also epigenetic robotics) is a scientific field which aims at studying the developmental mechanisms, architectures, and constraints that allow lifelong and open-ended learning of new skills and new knowledge in embodied machines[387 - Developmental robotics [Электронный ресурс] https://en.mimi.hu URL: https://en.mimi.hu/artificial_intelligence/developmental_robotics.html (дата обращения 18.01.2022)].
Device is a category of hardware that can run a TensorFlow session, including CPUs, GPUs, and TPUs[388 - Device [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/device (дата обращения 07.07.2023)].
DevOps (development & operations) is a set of practices, tools, and culture philosophies that automate and integrate the processes of software development teams and IT teams. DevOps emphasizes team empowerment, collaboration and collaboration, and technology automation. The term DevOps is also understood as a special approach to organizing development teams. Its essence is that developers, testers and administrators work in a single thread – they are not each responsible for their own stage, but work together on the release of the product and try to automate the tasks of their departments so that the code moves between stages without delay. In DevOps, responsibility for the result is distributed among the entire team[389 - Методология разработки и операции ps [Электронный ресурс] www.atlassian.com URL: https://www.atlassian.com/ru/devops (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)],[390 - Методология разработки и операции [Электронный ресурс] https://mcs.mail.ru URL: https://mcs.mail.ru/blog/chto-takoe-metodologiya-devops (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Diagnosis concerned with the development of algorithms and techniques that are able to determine whether the behaviour of a system is correct. If the system is not functioning correctly, the algorithm should be able to determine, as accurately as possible, which part of the system is failing, and which kind of fault it is facing. The computation is based on observations, which provide information on the current behaviour[391 - Diagnosis [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_(artificial_intelligence) (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)].
Dialogflow API.AI is a platform that allows users to build brand-unique, natural language interactions for bots, applications, services, and devices. It features a Natural Language Understanding Tools to design unique conversation scenarios, design corresponding actions and analyze interactions with users[392 - Dialogflow API.AI [Электронный ресурс] https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com URL: https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/api-ai/ (дата обращения: 20.06.2023)].
Dialogue system (also conversational agent (CA)) is a computer system intended to converse with a human with a coherent structure. Dialogue systems have employed text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, and other modes for communication on both the input and output channel[393 - Dialogue system [Электронный ресурс] www.lix.polytechnique.fr URL: https://www.lix.polytechnique.fr/~lengrand/Events/Dyckhoff/Slides/Nordstrom.pdf (дата обращения 27.01.2022)].
Dice coefficient is a measure to compare the similarity of two segmentations, e.g., by expert and by machine. It is the ratio of twice the number of common pixels to the sum of all pixels in both sets.
Dictation – speech (voice) text input.
Dictation system is a system for speech text input.
Digital Body Language encompasses all the digital activities performed by an individual. Every time a person performs a Google search, visits a web page, opens a newsletter or downloads a guide, they contribute to their digital body language. Digital body language is used in building marketing automation[394 - Digital Body Language [Электронный ресурс] www.sofokus.com URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#D (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Digital divide is a concept that has become especially widespread in the last decade due to the increased importance of introducing new digital technologies in society and overcoming existing differences in the field of information and knowledge that hinder the development of basic economic and social infrastructures, in particular the energy sector, telecommunications and education[395 - Цифровой разрыв (Digital divide) [Электронный ресурс] https://cyberleninka.ru URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problema-tsifrovogo-razryva-i-mezhdunarodnye-initsiativy-po-ee-preodoleniyu (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Digital educational environment is an open set of information systems designed to support various tasks of the educational process. The word «open» means the ability and the right to use different information systems as part of the DSP, replace them or add new ones at your own discretion[396 - Цифровая образовательная среда [Электронный ресурс] https://akvobr.ru URL: https://akvobr.ru/cifrovaya_obrazovatelnaya_sreda_ehto.html (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Digital ethics is a form of ethics that includes systems of values and moral principles of electronic interaction between people, organizations and things.
Digital platform is a group of technologies that are used as a basis for creating a specific and specialized system of digital interaction[397 - Цифровая платформа [Электронный ресурс] https://agriecomission.com URL: https://agriecomission.com/base/cifrovye-platformy-novaya-rynochnaya-vlast (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Digital rights are the rights of individuals as it pertains to computer access and the ability to use, create and publish digital media. Digital rights can also refer to allowed permissions for fair use of digital copyrighted materials. Digital rights are extensions of human rights like freedom of expression and the right to privacy. The extent to which digital rights are recognized varies from country to country, but Internet access is a recognized right in several countries[398 - Digital rights [Электронный ресурс] www.techtarget.com (дата обращения: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/digital-rights].
Digital Social Innovation (DSI) is innovation that uses digital technologies to enable or help carry out SI[399 - Digital Social Innovation (DSI) [Электронный ресурс] www.igi-global.com URL: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/emerging-digital-social-innovation-in-youth-work-practice/251644 (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Digital society (Global information society) is a new world knowledge society that exists and interacts, and is also closely integrated into a fundamentally and qualitatively new digital social, economic and cultural ecosystem, in which the free exchange of information and knowledge is implemented using artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, which are additional interfaces for the interaction of people and machines (computers, robots, wearable devices, etc.)[400 - Цифровое общество (глобальное информационное общество) [Электронный ресурс] https://kartaslov.ru URL: https://kartaslov.ru/предложения-со-словосочетанием/взаимодействие+людей (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Digital transformation is the process of integrating digital technologies into all aspects of activity, requiring fundamental changes in technology, culture, operations and the principles of creating new products and services[401 - Цифровая трансформация [Электронный ресурс] https://dzen.ru URL: https://dzen.ru/media/id/5dc27f571febd400ae31e2fb/chto-takoe-cifrovaia-transformaciia-v-sovremennom-mire-5fbf81f49e832457058b9a92 (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Digital transformation of the economy is a continuous and dynamically changing process of development, implementation and development of innovations and new technologies in all its sectors, which fundamentally affects the socio-economic and cultural development of the information society.
Digitalization is a new stage in the automation and informatization of economic activity and public administration, the process of transition to digital technologies, which is based not only on the use of information and communication technologies to solve production or management problems, but also on the accumulation and analysis of big data with their help in order to predict situation, optimization of processes and costs, attraction of new contractors, etc.[402 - Цифровизация [Электронный ресурс] https://library.bsuir.by URL: https://library.bsuir.by/ru/tolkovyy-slovar-terminov-i-ponyatiy-po-voprosam-tsifrovoy-transformatsii (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Dimension reduction – decreasing the number of dimensions used to represent a particular feature in a feature vector, typically by converting to an embedding[403 - Dimension reduction [Электронный ресурс] www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/bucketing (дата обращения 28.02.2022)].
Dimensionality reduction (also dimension reduction) – the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables. It can be divided into feature selection and feature extraction[404 - Dimensionality reduction [Электронный ресурс] www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/bucketing (дата обращения 28.02.2022)].
Dimensionality reduction is a learning technique used when the number of features (or dimensions) in a given dataset is too high. It reduces the number of data inputs to a manageable size while also preserving the data integrity. Often, this technique is used in the preprocessing data stage, such as when autoencoders remove noise from visual data to improve picture quality[405 - Dimensionality reduction [Электронный ресурс] https://www.engati.com URL: https://www.engati.com/glossary/unsupervised-learning (дата обращения 04.07.2023)].
Dimensions is the maximum number of linearly independent vectors contained in the space[406 - Размерность пространства [Электронный ресурс] https://matica.org.ua URL: https://matica.org.ua/metodichki-i-knigi-po-matematike/analiticheskaia-geometriia-lineinaia-algebra/34-razmernost-i-bazis-vektornogo-prostranstva (дата обращения: 29.06.2023)],[407 - Dimensions [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#dimensions (дата обращения: 29.06.2023)].
