Centralized control is a process in which control signals are generated in a single control center and transmitted from it to numerous control objects[200 - Централизованное управление [Электронный ресурс] https://marketing.wikireading.ru URL: https://marketing.wikireading.ru/40372 (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Centroid – the center of a cluster as determined by a k-means or k-median algorithm. For instance, if k is 3, then the k-means or k-median algorithm finds 3 centroids[201 - Centroid [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#centroid (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Centroid-based clustering is a category of clustering algorithms that organizes data into nonhierarchical clusters. k-means is the most widely used centroid-based clustering algorithm. Contrast with hierarchical clustering algorithms[202 - Centroid-based clustering [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#centroid-based-clustering (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Character format is any file format in which information is encoded as characters using only a standard character-encoding scheme. A file written in «character format» contains only those bytes that are prescribed in the encoding scheme as corresponding to the characters in the scheme (e.g., alphabetic and numeric characters, punctuation marks, and spaces)[203 - Character format [Электронный ресурс] www.umich.edu (дата обращения: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#C].
Сhatbot is a software application designed to simulate human conversation with users via text or speech. Also referred to as virtual agents, interactive agents, digital assistants, or conversational AI, chatbots are often integrated into applications, websites, or messaging platforms to provide support to users without the use of live human agents. Chatbots originally started out by offering users simple menus of choices, and then evolved to react to particular keywords. «But humans are very inventive in their use of language,» says Forrester’s McKeon-White. Someone looking for a password reset might say they’ve forgotten their access code, or are having problems getting into their account. «There are a lot of different ways to say the same thing,» he says. This is where AI comes in. Natural language processing is a subset of machine learning that enables a system to understand the meaning of written or even spoken language, even where there is a lot of variation in the phrasing. To succeed, a chatbot that relies on AI or machine learning needs first to be trained using a data set. In general, the bigger the training data set, and the narrower the domain, the more accurate and helpful a chatbot will be[204 - Сhatbot [Электронный ресурс] www.cio.com URL: https://www.cio.com/article/189347/what-is-a-chatbot-simulating-human-conversation-for-service.html (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Checkpoint — data that captures the state of the variables of a model at a particular time. Checkpoints enable exporting model weights, as well as performing training across multiple sessions. Checkpoints also enable training to continue past errors (for example, job preemption). Note that the graph itself is not included in a checkpoint[205 - Checkpoint [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/checkpoint (дата обращения: 04.05.2023)].
Chip is an electronic microcircuit of arbitrary complexity, made on a semiconductor substrate and placed in a non-separable case or without it, if included in the micro assembly[206 - Chip [Электронный ресурс] https://www.litres.ru URL: https://www.litres.ru/book/alexander-chesalov/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-glossarium-over-1500-o-69111079/chitat-onlayn/page-4/ (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)],[207 - Интегра?льная схе?ма (Чип) [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Интегральная_схема (дата обращения: 10.07.2023)].
Class — one of a set of enumerated target values for a label. For example, in a binary classification model that detects spam, the two classes are spam and not spam. In a multi-class classification model that identifies dog breeds, the classes would be poodle, beagle, pug, and so on[208 - Class [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/class (дата обращения: 02.05.2023)].
Classification model is a type of machine learning model for distinguishing among two or more discrete classes. For example, a natural language processing classification model could determine whether an input sentence was in French, Spanish, or Italian[209 - Classification model [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/classification-model (дата обращения: 10.05.2023)].
Classification threshold is a scalar-value criterion that is applied to a model’s predicted score in order to separate the positive class from the negative class. Used when mapping logistic regression results to binary classification[210 - Порог классификации [Электронный ресурс] https://www.ibm.com URL: https://www.ibm.com/docs/ru/spss-statistics/saas?topic=regression-logistic-options (дата обращения: 26.06.2023)].
Classification. Classification problems use an algorithm to accurately assign test data into specific categories, such as separating apples from oranges. Or, in the real world, supervised learning algorithms can be used to classify spam in a separate folder from your inbox. Linear classifiers, support vector machines, decision trees and random forest are all common types of classification algorithms[211 - Classification [Электронный ресурс] https://www.ibm.com URL: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/blog/supervised-vs-unsupervised-learning (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Сloud robotics is a field of robotics that attempts to invoke cloud technologies such as cloud computing, cloud storage, and other Internet technologies centred on the benefits of converged infrastructure and shared services for robotics. When connected to the cloud, robots can benefit from the powerful computation, storage, and communication resources of modern data center in the cloud, which can process and share information from various robots or agent (other machines, smart objects, humans, etc.). Humans can also delegate tasks to robots remotely through networks. Cloud computing technologies enable robot systems to be endowed with powerful capability whilst reducing costs through cloud technologies. Thus, it is possible to build lightweight, low cost, smarter robots have intelligent «brain» in the cloud. The «brain» consists of data center, knowledge base, task planners, deep learning, information processing, environment models, communication support, etc.[212 - Сloud robotics [Электронный ресурс] https://digitrode.ru URL: http://digitrode.ru/articles/2683-chto-takoe-oblachnaya-robototehnika.html (дата обращения: 09.02.2022)].
Clinical Decision Support (CDS) is a health information technology system that is designed to provide physicians and other health professionals with clinical decision support, that is, assistance with clinical decision- making tasks[213 - Clinical Decision Support (CDS) [Электронный ресурс] www.quora.com URL: https://www.quora.com/What-are-clinical-decision-support-systems-What-benefits-do-they-provide (дата обращения 28.02.2022)].
Clipping is a technique for handling outliers. Specifically, reducing feature values that are greater than a set maximum value down to that maximum value. Also, increasing feature values that are less than a specific minimum value up to that minimum value. For example, suppose that only a few feature values fall outside the range 40—60. In this case, you could do the following: Clip all values over 60 to be exactly 60. Clip all values under 40 to be exactly 40. In addition to bringing input values within a designated range, clipping can also used to force gradient values within a designated range during training[214 - Clipping [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/clipping (дата обращения: 20.06.2023)].
Closed dictionary in speech recognition systems, a dictionary with a limited number of words, to which the recognition system is configured and which cannot be replenished by the user[215 - Закрытый словарь [Электронный ресурс] www.machinelearningmastery.ru URL: https://www.machinelearningmastery.ru/machine-learning-algorithms-in-laymans-terms-part-1-d0368d769a7b/ (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Cloud computing is an information technology model for providing ubiquitous and convenient access using the Internet to a common set of configurable computing resources («cloud»), data storage devices, applications and services that can be quickly provided and released from the load with minimal operating costs or with little or no involvement of the provider[216 - Облачные вычисления [Электронный ресурс] https://cdto.wiki URL: https://cdto.wiki/Облачные_вычисления (дата обращения: 02.05.2023)].
Cloud is a general metaphor that is used to refer to the Internet. Initially, the Internet was seen as a distributed network and then with the invention of the World Wide Web as a tangle of interlinked media. As the Internet continued to grow in both size and the range of activities it encompassed, it came to be known as «the cloud.» The use of the word cloud may be an attempt to capture both the size and nebulous nature of the Internet[217 - Cloud [Электронный ресурс] https://dropbox.com URL: https://www.dropbox.com/ru/business/resources/what-is-the-cloud (дата обращения: 09.02.2022)].
Cloud TPU is a specialized hardware accelerator designed to speed up machine learning workloads on Google Cloud Platform[218 - Cloud TPU [Электронный ресурс] https://github.com URL: https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu (дата обращения: 25.02.2022)].
Cluster analysis is a type of unsupervised learning used for exploratory data analysis to find hidden patterns or groupings in the data; clusters are modeled with a similarity measure defined by metrics such as Euclidean or probability distance.
Clustering is a data mining technique for grouping unlabeled data based on their similarities or differences. For example, K-means clustering algorithms assign similar data points into groups, where the K value represents the size of the grouping and granularity. This technique is helpful for market segmentation, image compression, etc[219 - Clustering [Электронный ресурс] https://medium.com URL: https://medium.com/@venkatesh.t.16072001/difference-between-supervised-and-unsupervised-learning-algorithm-8bda6352489f (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Co-adaptation is when neurons predict patterns in training data by relying almost exclusively on outputs of specific other neurons instead of relying on the network’s behavior as a whole. When the patterns that cause co-adaption are not present in validation data, then co-adaptation causes overfitting. Dropout regularization reduces co-adaptation because dropout ensures neurons cannot rely solely on specific other neurons[220 - Co-adaptation [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#co-adaptation (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
COBWEB is an incremental system for hierarchical conceptual clustering. COBWEB was invented by Professor Douglas H. Fisher, currently at Vanderbilt University. COBWEB incrementally organizes observations into a classification tree. Each node in a classification tree represents a class (concept) and is labeled by a probabilistic concept that summarizes the attribute-value distributions of objects classified under the node. This classification tree can be used to predict missing attributes or the class of a new object[221 - COBWEB [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobweb_(clustering) (дата обращения: 10.05.2023)].
Code is a one-to-one mapping of a finite ordered set of symbols belonging to some finite alphabet[222 - Код [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Код (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Codec is a codec is the means by which sound and video files are compressed for storage and transmission purposes. There are various forms of compression: ’lossy’ and ’lossless’, but most codecs perform lossless compression because of the much larger data reduction ratios that occur with lossy compression. Most codecs are software, although in some areas codecs are hardware components of image and sound systems. Codecs are necessary for playback, since they uncompress or decompress the moving image and sound files and allow them to be rendered[223 - Codec [Электронный ресурс] www.umich.edu URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#C (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Cognitive architecture – the Institute of Creative Technologies defines cognitive architecture as: «hypothesis about the fixed structures that provide a mind, whether in natural or artificial systems, and how they work together – in conjunction with knowledge and skills embodied within the architecture – to yield intelligent behavior in a diversity of complex environments»[224 - Cognitive architecture [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Cognitive computing is used to refer to the systems that simulate the human brain to help with the decision- making. It uses self-learning algorithms that perform tasks such as natural language processing, image analysis, reasoning, and human—computer interaction. Examples of cognitive systems are IBM’s Watson and Google DeepMind[225 - Cognitive computing [Электронный ресурс] https://habr.com URL: https://habr.com/ru/company/ibm/blog/276855/ (дата обращения: 31.01.2022)].
Cognitive Maps are structured representations of decision depicted in graphical format (variations of cognitive maps are cause maps, influence diagrams, or belief nets). Basic cognitive maps include nodes connected by arcs, where the nodes represent constructs (or states) and the arcs represent relationships. Cognitive maps have been used to understand decision situations, to analyze complex cause-effect representations and to support communication[226 - Cognitive Maps [Электронный ресурс] www.igi-global.com URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/qplan/34624 (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Cognitive science – the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes[227 - Cognitive science Когнитивная наука и интеллектуальные технологии: Реф. сб. АН СССР. – М.: Ин-т науч. информ. по обществ. наукам, 1991 (дата обращения: 04.02.2022)].
Cohort is a sample in study (conducted to evaluate a machine learning algorithm, for example) where it is followed prospectively or retrospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants’ exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it.
Cold-Start is a potential issue arising from the fact that a system cannot infer anything for users or items for which it has not gathered a sufficient amount of information yet[228 - Cold-Start [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_start_(recommender_systems) (дата обращения 07.07.2023)].
Collaborative filtering – making predictions about the interests of one user based on the interests of many other users. Collaborative filtering is often used in recommendation systems[229 - Collaborative filtering [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#collaborative-filtering (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Combinatorial optimization in operations research, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science, combinatorial optimization is a topic that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects[230 - Combinatorial optimization [Электронный ресурс] https://dic.academic.ru URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/107404 (дата обращения: 11.02.2022)].
Committee machine is a type of artificial neural network using a divide and conquer strategy in which the responses of multiple neural networks (experts) are combined into a single response. The combined response of the committee machine is supposed to be superior to those of its constituent experts. Compare ensembles of classifiers[231 - Committee machine [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_machine (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Commoditization is the process of transforming a product from an elite to a generally available (comparatively cheap commodity of mass consumption)[232 - Коммодитизация [Электронный ресурс] https://secretmag.ru URL: https://secretmag.ru/enciklopediya/chto-takoe-kommoditizaciya-obyasnyaem-prostymi-slovami.htm (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Common Data Element (CDE) is a tool to support data management for clinical research[233 - Common Data Element (CDE) [Электронный ресурс] https://techdocs.broadcom.com URL: https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/ca-mainframe-software/traditional-management/ca-mics-resource-management/14-1/installing/system-modification/ca-mics-facilities/ca-mics-component-generator-mcg/generator-definition-statements/common-data-element-definition-statements.html (дата обращения 30.04.2022)].
Commonsense reasoning is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with simulating the human ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations they encounter every day[234 - Commonsense reasoning [Электронный ресурс] https://sciencedirect.com URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/ answer-set-programming#:~:text=Answer%20set%20programming %20is%20an, is%20required%20in%20commonsense%20reasoning (дата обращения: 09.03.2022)].
Compiler is a program that translates text written in a programming language into a set of machine codes. AI framework compilers collect the computational data of the frameworks and try to optimize the code of each of them, regardless of the hardware of the accelerator. The compiler contains programs and blocks with which the framework performs several tasks. The computer memory resource allocator, for example, allocates power individually for each accelerator[235 - Компилятор [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Компилятор (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)].
Composite AI is a combined application of various artificial intelligence methods (deep machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, contextual analysis, knowledge graphs, data visualization, forecasting methods, etc.) to increase the efficiency of model training in order to achieve a synergistic effect from their use and the best results of the work of artificial intelligence systems. One of the ideas that is laid down in the creation of composite artificial intelligence is to obtain a sane artificial intelligence that will be able to understand the essence of the problems and solve a wide range of problems, offering optimal solutions.[236 - Composite AI [Электронный ресурс] https://www.expert.ai URL: https://www.expert.ai/glossary-of-ai-terms/ (дата обращения: 04.05.2023)],[237 - .Сергей Стельмах. Почему композитный ИИ – критически важная концепция. [Электронный ресурс] www.itweek.ru URL: https://www.itweek.ru/ai/article/detail.php?ID=219809 (дата обращения: 31.08.2023). – Текст: электронный.],[238 - .Композитный ИИ: что это такое и зачем он нужен? [Электронный ресурс] sas.cnews.ru URL: https://sas.cnews.ru/articles/2021-06-30_kompozitnyj_ii_novyj_hajp_ili_novye (дата обращения: 31.08.2023). – Текст: электронный.].
Compression is a method of reducing the size of computer files. There are several compression programs available, such as gzip and WinZip[239 - Compression [Электронный ресурс] www.umich.edu URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#C (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that follows a well-defined model (e.g., an algorithm)[240 - Computation [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)].
Computational chemistry is a discipline using mathematical methods for the calculation of molecular properties or for the simulation of molecular behaviour. It also includes, e.g., synthesis planning, database searching, combinatorial library manipulation.[241 - Computational chemistry [Электронный ресурс] https://goldbook.iupac.org URL: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/CT06952 (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)],[242 - Computational chemistry [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)],[243 - Вычислительная химия [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вычислительная_химия (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Computational complexity theory – focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating these classes to each other. A computational problem is a task solved by a computer. A computation problem is solvable by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm[244 - Computational complexity theory [Электронный ресурс] https://math-cs.spbu.ru URL: https://math-cs.spbu.ru/courses/teoriya-slozhnosti-vychislenij/ (дата обращения: 09.02.2022)].
Computational creativity (also artificial creativity, mechanical creativity, creative computing, or creative computation) is a multidisciplinary endeavour that includes the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and the arts[245 - Computational creativity [Электронный ресурс] https://hoster.bmstu.ru URL: http://hoster.bmstu.ru/~amas/cources/mv/lect__slides.pdf (дата обращения: 14.02.2022)].
Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques[246 - Computational cybernetics [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_cybernetics (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Computational efficiency of an agent or a trained model is the amount of computational resources required by the agent to solve a problem at the inference stage[247 - Вычислительная эффективность агента или обученной модели [Электронный ресурс] https://vc.ru URL: https://vc.ru/ml/253499-kak-schitat-effektivnost-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-na-primere-umnogo-ekskavatora (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Computational efficiency of an intelligent system is the amount of computing resources required to train an intelligent system with a certain level of performance on a given volume of tasks[248 - Вычислительная эффективность интеллектуальной системы [Электронный ресурс] https://vc.ru URL: https://vc.ru/ml/253499-kak-schitat-effektivnost-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-na-primere-umnogo-ekskavatora (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Computational Graphics Processing Unit (computational GPU, cGPU) – graphic processor-computer, GPU-computer, multi-core GPU used in hybrid supercomputers to perform parallel mathematical calculations; for example, one of the first GPUs in this category contains more than 3 billion transistors – 512 CUDA cores and up to 6 GB of memory[249 - Computational Graphics Processing Unit [Электронный ресурс] www.boston.co.uk URL: https://www.boston.co.uk/info/nvidia-kepler/what-is-gpu-computing.aspx (дата обращения 14.03.2022)].
Computational humor is a branch of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence which uses computers in humor research[250 - Computational humor [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_humor (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)].
Computational intelligence (CI) usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation[251 - Computational intelligence [Электронный ресурс] www.semanticscholar.org URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Computational-intelligence/4778 (дата обращения 28.02.2022)].
Computational learning theory (COLT) in computer science, is a subfield of artificial intelligence devoted to studying the design and analysis of machine learning algorithms[252 - Computational learning theory (COLT) [Электронный ресурс] www.semanticscholar.org URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Computational-learning-theory/164025 (дата обращения 28.02.2022)].
