English grammar with Kudjo. Понятная и забавная грамматика для детей и взрослых. Part 1

Unit 4

Past Simple Tense

Простое прошедшее время

Прошедшее простое время показывает регулярное, законченное действие в прошлом. Все глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные. Правильные глаголы (regular verbs) образуют форму Past Simple с помощью окончания -ed, в то время как неправильные (irregular verbs) имеют свою особую форму, которую можно найти в таблице неправильных глаголов в конце книги.

Например, купил -bought, закрыл-closed.

Утвердительное предложение выглядит так:

подлежащее + глагол в форме Past Simple.

Kudjo woke up five minutes ago.

EXERCISE 1

Поставьте глагол в форму Past Simple:

When Kudjo /be/ a little puppy,

1 he /play/ all day long.

2 he /have/ too long legs and /fall/ down every time

3 he /love/ all the dogs that he /meet/.

4 he /taste/ everything that he /find/.

5 he /bark/ when he /be/ excited and he /be/ excited 20 hours a day!

6 he /can/ go 10 km non-stop.

7 he /enjoy/ looking at his reflection in mirrors and shop windows.

8 he /love/lying next to the laptop and watching me working.

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы строятся точно так же, как и в Present Simple при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в прошедшем времени- did.

Обратите внимание, что сам основной глагол при этом остается в нулевой форме.

Структура отрицательного предложения:

подлежащее+ did + not + глагол.

He didn’t go downstairs on his own.

При этом сокращенная форма didn’t звучит более естественно.

EXERCISE 2

Поставьте глагол в отрицательной форме в Present Simple или Past Simple:

1 When Kudjo was little, he /not like/ sleeping much. But now he /not like/ waking up early.

2 When Kudjo was little, he /not want/ to stay alone. Now he /not mind / doing it.

3 When Kudjo was little, he /not come/ up to big boxes and bags, now he /not come/ up either.

4 Yesterday he /not stay/ out for a long time because of a biting frost.

5 He /not wear/ clothes because he has thick fur.

6 He even /not bark/ yesterday because it was too cold to open his mouth.

7 He /not get/ any treats yesterday.

8 He usually /not go/ to bed before midnight and he / not kip/ down so early last night.

Вопросительное предложение в Past Simple выглядит так:

(вопросительное слово) + did + подлежащее + глагол?

What time did he go to bed last night?

EXERCISE 3

Поставьте вопрос к выделенному слову:

1 Kudjo met a lot of dogs at the exhibition last week.

2 Kudjo woke up very late last morning.

3 Kudjo ate a big bowl of meat for lunch yesterday.

4 Kudjo jumped off the bed very loudly and woke up everybody.

5 Kudjo lay down on the sofa and didn’t move for ages.

6 Kudjo brought a strange toy from his walk.

7 Kudjo ran a lot during his night walk.

8 Kudjo gave his paw to a little boy, who was crying.

Сигнальными словами для времени Past Simple являются следующие слова и сочетания: yesterday, when, ago, last night (week, month, year, etc.),in 2023, in the past.

EXERCISE 4

Поставьте правильный маркер: tonight, when, now, never, last January, usually, at the moment, last summer

1 Kudjo is watching boats fixedly *****.

2 Kudjo stole some raw meat and ate it ***** he was little.

3 Kudjo ***** lies next to me during my work.

4 Kudjo had a big birthday cake *****.

5 Kudjo is seeing his groomer *****.

6 We spent a great time in the country *****..

7 Look! Kudjo is digging out his toy*****..

8 Kudjo ***** eats shrimps. He hates them.

EXERCISE 5

Напишите предложения о вашем выдуманном идеальном дне рождения, используя глаголы в Past Simple и наши подсказки-вопросы.

For example,

My last birthday was exciting! I woke up on the top of a hill, which was made from a lot of presents…

1 wake up /what time? and where?/

2 see /what?/

3 eat /what?/

4 go /where?/

5 meet /who?/

6 do /what?/

7 return /where?/

8 have /what?/

EXERCISE 6

Напишите глагол в форме Present Simple или Past Simple:

1 Kudjo usually /wake/ up at 8 am, but yesterday he /sleep/ till 10 in the morning.

2 Kudjo always /go/ for a walk three times a day, but yesterday he /go/ out only twice.

3 Kudjo never /play/ with other dogs, but yesterday he /run/ after a sheep-dog.

4 Kudjo rarely /take/a nap in the afternoon, but yesterday he /sleep/ all day.

5 Kudjo hardly ever /watch/ cartoons, but yesterday he /watch/ The Simpsons.

6 Kudjo usually /not fight/ with other dogs, but yesterday he /fight/ with a bulldog.

7 Kudjo often /ask/ me for something tasty, but yesterday he even /not look/ at the box with treats.

8 Kudjo /wag/ his tail every time somebody comes up to him, but yesterday he just /sit/ down and /raise/ his paw.

EXERCISE 7

Поставь нужный глагол в пропуск в форме Past Simple:

Once Kudjo /get/ bored and /decide/ to invite his friend Chilly to have a little party at his place. They /go/ to the pet shop and /buy/ a lot of treats and /rush/ home to have a stag night. At first they /watch/ some series about alien dogs and then /play/ aliens.They /jump/ a lot, /play/ football and hide-and-seek and finally /become/ hungry and /open/ the bag with treats. When they /see/ those yummy pieces, they /forget/ about their friendship and /begin/ barking and roaring at each other. It /be/ so loud that a furious neighbor /come/ in, /grasp/ this bag and /threaten/ to splash water over them. He /sound/ so furious that the friends /get/ scared, /stop/ fighting immediately and /lie/ down on the sofa, hungry, tired and offended.

EXERCISE 8

Найдите ошибку и исправьте:

1 Kudjo reads a new book yesterday.

2 Kudjo falled downstairs and got hurt.

3 He is knowing what to do now.

4 Kudjo always bark at the hoover.

5 He don’t go for a walk last night.

6 Did he came home in time yesterday?

7 Kudjo didn’t forgot about the present.

8 Kudjo teached his friend to speak English.

⠀

EXERCISE 9

Отметьте правильный вариант:

1 Look at Kudjo! He ***** to climb the tree.

a is trying

b tries

c tried

2 We **** to the sea last summer.

a took our dogs and flied

b take our dogs and flew

c took our dogs and flew

3 Kudjo ***** salty water in the sea and got sick.

a drinked

b drinks

c drank

4 He usually ***** going by car.

a enjoys

b is enjoying

c enjoyed

5 He ***** to a dog show yesterday.

a went

b goes

c goed

6 Kudjo ***** the champion last month.

a becomed

b became

c becomes

7 Kudjo ***** a little kitten home last night.

a brang

b bringed

c brought

8 Kudjo ***** me make up sentences for the test at the moment.

a help

b is helping

c helped

EXERCISE 10

Переведите предложения, используя Present Simple, Present Continuous и Past Simple:

1 Вчера Куджо поссорился со своим другом из-за игрушки.

2 Они сейчас лежат на полу и слушают новости.

3 Куджо обычно ест 2 раза в день.

4 Как ты провел свои каникулы?

5 Куджо не слышит тебя сейчас. Говори громче.

6 В прошлом году Куджо занял первое место на конкурсе “самая милая мордашка”.

7 Куда ты так бежишь? – Я догоняю свою собаку, которая догоняет нашу кошку.

8 Как часто ты обнимаешь своего питомца?

Unit 5

Past Continuous Tense

Прошедшее продолженное время

Это время используется для обозначения действия, которое длилось в прошлом. Чаще всего эта длительность чем-то зафиксирована. Например, у нас есть конкретное время в прошлом или другое действие произошло в этот момент: At 5 pm yesterday Kudjo was reading a book about people. When he was reading, the light went off.

Время Past Continuous часто используется для создания фона или атмосферы повествования.The sun was shining.The birds were singing. The cats were mewing. Kudjo left the house for a walk.

Из примеров уже понятна структура предложения. Она очень похожа на конструкцию Present Continuous, но только глагол to be стоит в форме прошедшего времени – was/were:

подлежащее + was/were + глагол с окончанием ing.

Look at Kudjo

What was he doing at 2 pm yesterday?

He was walking. He was standing on a bench. He was supporting his favorite football team.

EXERCISE 1

Напишите, кто что делал вчера в это время, используя Past Continuous:

For example,

At 5 am we were sleeping.

1 At 7 am I was*****.

2 At 9 am my family were *****.

3 At 11 am my dad was *****.

4 At 2 pm my mum was *****.

5 At 4 pm I was *****.

6 At 6 pm my friend was *****.

7 At 7 pm my neighbors were *****.

8 At 11 pm I was *****.

9 At 2 am everybody was *****.

EXERCISE 2

Давайте придумаем, что каждый делал в тот момент, когда приземлились инопланетяне на вашей улице. Используйте глаголы- подсказки в форме Past Continuous:

For example,

When aliens landed in our yard, we were having lunch.

1 play football

2 cook

3 swim in the pool

4 chase a cat

5 play hide-and-seek

6 grill salmon

7 water strawberries

8 eat raspberries

9 sunbathe

Отрицательное предложение строится таким образом:

подлежащее + was/were + not + глагол с окончанием ing.

He wasn’t frolicking.

В разговорном английском мы используем сокращенные формы wasn’t/ weren’t

EXERCISE 3

Найдите нужный глагол и поставьте его в отрицательную форму: play, fight, walk, look, bark, read, watch, have, hide

That time yesterday…

1 Kudjo ***** a book, he was sleeping on the sofa.

2 Kudjo ***** his favorite series, he was sleeping and having dreams.

3 Kudjo ***** in the park, he was sleeping at home.

4 Kudjo ***** lunch, he was sleeping fast.

5 Kudjo ***** at all, he was sleeping and snoring.

6 Kudjo ***** with another dog, he was sleeping and dreaming about it.

7 Kudjo ***** a bone, he was sleeping with the bone under the pillow.

8 Kudjo ***** football, he was sleeping like a log

9 Kudjo ***** out of the window, he was sleeping under a blanket.

Вопросительные предложения строятся по такому же принципу, как и вопросы в Present Continuous:

(вопросительное слово) + was/were + подлежащее+ глагол с окончанием ing?

What were you doing at 8 o’clock last night?

EXERCISE 4

Поставьте вопрос к выделенному слову:

1 Kudjo was chasing a crow.

2 Kudjo was helping me cook dinner.

3 We were walking in the park.

4 They were fighting because of a ball.

5 Kudjo was lying on the rug.

6 I was writing the book.

7 Kudjo was barking loudly at a garbage-truck.

8 He was sleeping under the table.

9 Kudjo was jumping around a tree to catch a squirrel.

Маркерами для этого времени являются слова и выражения, фиксирующие процесс:

when, while, as, at + время в прошлом. Самый главный маркер while используется для соединения двух одновременных действий:

He was sleeping curled up in a ball while I was working.

EXERCISE 5

Соедините обе части предложения:

1 While I was cooking lunch,

2 When we were walking in the forest,

3 Kudjo was taking a nap

4 I was making up these sentences

5 Kudjo was playing with a ball next to the pool

6 While I was watching a documentary about dogs

7 As I came in,

8 While other dogs were fighting because of the bone,

9 Kudjo was sitting and waiting

a when Kudjo came up with his ideas.

b Kudjo found a hedgehog.

c when a fire alarm went off and frightened him.

d Kudjo was listening to an audiobook about the first people.

e Kudjo was licking clean his bowls.

f while I was looking for his leash.

g Kudjo stole it.

h Kudjo was lying in bed under my favorite duvet.

i when the ball fell in the water.

EXERCISE 6

Напишите, что происходило вокруг вас, когда вы вчера вышли на улицу.

Можете использовать глаголы-подсказки в Past Continuous:

For example, snow – It was snowing heavily outside.

1 run

2 play

3 walk

4 sing

5 chase

6 shout

7 bark

8 drive

9 blow

EXERCISE 7

Поставьте глагол в форму Present Continuous или Past Continuous:

1 Listen! Kudjo / bark/ at something or somebody.

2 He /dig/ under the tree when I saw him.

3 I /sleep/ very fast and didn’t hear him jump onto my bed.

4 I /buy/ some treats for Kudjo when he took a toy from the shelf.

5 Shhhhh. Kudjo is /kip/.

6 Don’t open the drawer. I /hide/ Kudjo’s toys there and he mustn’t see them.

7 We /talk/ about flying to France when Kudjo came up with his passport in his teeth.

8 Kudjo /eat/ my dinner while I /talk/ on the phone in the next room.

9 I didn’t see Chilly because he /shelter/himself under Kudjo.

EXERCISE 8

Найдите ошибки в 7 предложениях:

1 We walking home yesterday when a big fat rat ran into Kudjo.

2 He breaked his leg last winter in a skating-rink.

3 Kudjo was walking me in the park when you called.

4 We are having grilled meat or fish almost every day in summer.

5 Kudjo is try to find something to eat now.

6 When we were on a sea holiday, Kudjo sleeped in the fresh air.

7 Where did you flew last June?

8 I didn’t bought anything for my pet yesterday

9 They were arguing very loudly when Kudjo started barking at them.

Кстати, если вы помните, мы используем Present Continuous с маркером always, чтобы показать недовольство. То же самое происходит в Past Continuous. Например, He always splashes water while drinking звучит нейтрально, а вот He was always splashing water показывает, что нас это раздражает.

EXERCISE 9

Определите в каких предложениях лучше поставить Past Continuous, чтобы выразить недовольство, а где лучше просто Past Simple.

1 Kudjo always / jump/ and /run/ around when he was little.

2 Kudjo always /roll/ in the dirt when he was a puppy!

3 Little Kudjo always /jump/ onto big dogs and they didn’t like it!

4 Little Kudjo always /run/ to everyone to kiss them.

5 Kudjo always /whine/ when he was alone!

6 When Kudjo was little, he always /tear/ new sheets!

7 Kudjo always /ask/ me to let him out when it was necessary.

8 Kudjo always /steal/ food from the table!

9 Kudjo always /smile/ when he was a puppy.

EXERCISE 10

Отметьте правильный вариант:

1 He ***** what to do. He is a clever dog.

a is knowing

b knowed

c knows

2 Kudjo ***** when a mosquito bit him.

a was sleeping

b is sleeping

c slept

3 Kudjo ***** a cat while the cat ***** a rat.

a is chasing/chases

b was chasing/was chasing

c chases/chases

4 Kudjo the piano, but he wants to.

a doesn’t play

b wasn’t playing

c didn’t play

5 At 3 am yesterday Kudjo ***** a dream about the planet of Akita dogs.