Эра Меркурия. Евреи в современном мире
39
Цитируется в: Albert S. Lindemann. Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 5.
40
Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 50.
41
Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249; Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 314; Maurice Samuel. The World of Sholom Aleichem. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943)], 131.
42
Detienne and Vernant, Cunning Intelligence, 47–48.
43
Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249.
44
Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 314.
45
Jacob Katz. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770–1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, 22.
46
Сравни: Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 103–109; Kotkin, Tribes, passim.
47
Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 91–95, 119; Jamsheed K. Choksy, Evil, Good, and Gender: Facets of the Feminine in Zoroastrian Religious History. New York: Peter Lang, 2002, 109.
48
Dario A. Euraque. The Arab-Jewish Economic Presence in San Pedro Sula, the Industrial Capital of Honduras: Formative Years, 1880s–1930s”, in Ignacio Klich and Jeffrey Lesser, eds. Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. London: Frank Cass, 1998, 95, 109; Clark S. Knowlton. The Social and Spatial Mobility of the Syrian and Lebanese Community in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 292–293, 302–303; David Nicholls. Lebanese of the Antilles: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 339–360; Crowley, The Levantine Arabs, 139; Nancie L. Gonzalez. Dollar, Dove, and Eagle: One Hundred Years of Palestinian Migration to Honduras. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992, 93–100; Amy Chua. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday, 2003, 116, 149–150.
49
David Himbara. Kenyan Capitalists, the State, and Development. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994, 45; Kotkin, Tribes, 103, 205–209, 229; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 310–311, 344; Chua, World on Fire, 113, 157–158.
50
Chua, World on Fire, 3, 36–37, 43, 34–35; Bambang Harymurti, Challenges of Change in Indonesia // Journal of Democracy 10, № 4 (1999): 9–10; Kotkin, Tribes, 165–200; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 175–176.
51
См., к примеру: Robert E. Kennedy, Jr. The Protestant Ethic and the Parsis // American Journal of Sociology 68, № 1 (July 1962): 11–20; Balwant Nevaskar. Capitalists without Capitalism: The Jains of India and the Quakers of the West. Westport, Conn: Greenwood, 1971; Peter L. Berger and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, eds. In Search of an East Asian Development Mode! New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books, 1988; S. Gordon Redding. Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks, in Gary G. Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 27–42; Robert N. Bellah. Tokugawa Religion: The Cultural Roots of Modern Japan; Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism. New York: Free Press, 1985. Макс Вебер пытается доказать, что только христиане-протестанты могли создать современный капитализм, но при этом, очевидно, исходит из того, что, будучи созданным, капитализм находит некоторые религии (включая и приведенные в нашем списке) более подходящими, чем другие. См. его Sociology of Religion, гл. XV–XVI, и в особенности Ancient Judaism.
52
Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 19, 375. Косвенные предположения того же рода см. в Bonacich, “A Theory of Middleman Minorities”, 588; Gonzalez, Dollar, Dove, and Eagle, 81–92; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, passim.
53
См. в особенности: Wong-Siu-lun, Chinese Entrepreneurs and Business Trust; S. Gordon Redding, Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks; and Gary G. Hamilton. The Organizational Foundations of Western and Chinese Commerce: A Historical and Comparative Analysis, and The Theoretical Significance of Asian Business Networks, in Gary G. Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 13–26, 27–42, 43–58 and 283–298; Davis, Social Relations in a Philippine Market, 199–200; Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143–146; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140–143.
54
Francis Fukuyama. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995, 74, 85, 97–112.
55
Fukuyama, Там же, passim.
56
Eitzen, Two Minorities, 223; см. также: Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 31–34.
57
Nicholls, Lebanese of the Antilles, 348–349; Brenda Gayle Plummer, Race, Nationality, and Trade in the Caribbean: The Syrians in Haiti, 1903–1934 // International History Review 3, № 4 (October 1981): 517–539; Brenda Gayle Plummer. Between Privilege and Opprobrium: The Arabs and Jews in Haiti, in Klich and Lesser, Arab and Jewish Immigrants, 88–89.
58
Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 4–5; Winder, The Lebanese in West Africa, 300; Anthony Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, Nationalism, and the State, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 56, 69 n. 61. См. также: Kasian Tejapira, Imagined Uncommunity: The Lookjin Middle Class and Thai Official Nationalism, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 75–98.
59
Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 155; Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 97–98; Seidenberg, Mercantile Adventurers, 203–204; Chua, World on Fire, 114. Амин цитируется по Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1972, процитированной в: Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 591.
60
Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 213–214, 215–219; Chua, World on Fire, 36, 44–45; Mary F. Somers Heidhues. Southeast Asia’s Chinese Minorities. Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia: Longman, 1974, 80–86; Garth Alexander. Silent Invasion: The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Macdonald, 1973, 130–143; Ben Kiernan, Kampuchea’s Ethnic Chinese under Pol Pot // Journal of Contemporary Asia 16, № 1 (1986): 18–29; Wu and Wu, Economic Development, 39–40; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 224–225; Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, 61; Harymurti, “]Challenges of Change, 9–10. Последняя цитата взята из: Abidin Kusno. Remembering/Forgetting the May Riots: Architecture, Violence, and the Making of Chinese Cultures in Post – 1998 Jakarta // Public Culture 15, № 1 (2003): 149.
61
См. главу 1, ссылки 50 и 52, в особенности Hamilton, The Organizational Foundations.
62
Nelson, The Idea of Usury.
63
Там же, xvi – xvii.
64
Цитата взята из van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140. См. также: Bonacich, А Theory of Middleman Minorities, 589.
65
Heinrich Heine. The Prose Writings of Heinrich Heine, ed. Havelock Ellis. New York: Arno Press, 1973, 313.
66
Nelson, The Idea of Usury, xvi.
67
Hans Aarslef. From Locke to Saussure: Essays on the Study of Language and Intellectual History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982, 281–282; Maurice Olender. The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion, and Philology in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992, p. 1–5; R. H. Robins. The History of Language Classification, in Thomas A. Sebeok, ed. Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 2. The Hague: Mouton, 1973, 7–11; Slezkine, Naturalists versus Nations, 84 and passim.
68
William Blake. William Blake’s Writings, ed. G. E. Bentley, Jr. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, 1: 318.
69
See Harold Bloom. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead, 1998.
70
Sutherland, The Body; John M. Efron. Medicine and the German Jews: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
71
Cf. Zygmunt Bauman. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
72
Цитата о “третьем сословии” взята из: Sigmund Mayer. Ein jüdischer Kaufmann 1831–1911: Lebenserinnerungen. Leipzig, 1911, которая цитируется в: Steven Beller. Vienna and the Jews 1867–1938: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 110. См. также с. 84–121.
73
David S. Landes. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969: Ландес говорит в первую очередь о становлении современной технологии, но его метафора приложима к современной эпохе в целом; Calvin Goldscheider and Alan S. Zuckerman. The Transformation of the Jews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, 89; Arthur Ruppin. The Jews in the Modern World. London: Macmillan, 1934, 144–147; Ezra Mendelsohn. The Jews of East Central Europe between the World Wars. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987, 28; Joseph Jacobs. Jewish Contributions to Civilization: An Estimate. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society in America, 1919, 239; Saul Friedlander. Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. New York: Harper Collins, 1997, 77; Donald L. Niewyk. The Jews in Weimar Germany. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980, 15; William O. Mc-Cagg. Jewish Wealth in Vienna, 1670–1918, in Michael K. Silber, ed. Jews in the Hungarian Economy 1760–1945: Studies Dedicated to Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger on His Eightieth Birthday. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992, 75, 79–89; Siegmund Kaznelson, ed. Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich. Berlin: Jüdischer Vcrlag, 1959, 720–759; Niall Ferguson. The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, 7 and passim; Robert S. Wistrich. Socialism and the Jews: The Dilemmas of Assimilation in Germany and Austria-Hungary. East Brunswick, N. J.: Associated University Presses, 1982, 61, 180–181.
74
McCagg, Jewish Wealth in Vienna, 74–91, William O. McCagg. Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary. Boulder, Colo.: East European Quarterly, 1972, 16, 30, 42–43; Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, 114, 225; Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 80; Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World, 207–211; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 760–797; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 244–245; Jacobs, Jewish Contributions to Civilization, 237–246; Cecil Roth. The Jewish Contribution to Civilization. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1940, 278–283; György Lengyel. Hungarian Banking and Business Leaders between the Wars: Education, Ethnicity and Career Patterns, in Silber, Jews in the Hungarian Economy, 230; Nathaniel Katzburg. Hungary and the Jews: Policy and Legislation 1920–1943. Ramat Gan: Bar-llan University Press, 1981, 30; W. D. Rubinstein. The Left, the Right, and the Jews. London: Croom Helm, 1992, 13, 27; данные W. D. Rubinstein’a о еврейском участии в различных экономических элитах см.: в Niall Ferguson. The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700–2000. London: Allen Lane, 2001, 378; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, 59–61, 180–181; о Ротшильдах см. в: Ferguson, The World’s Banker, 3, 1034–1036.
75
Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World, 151–153. Цитата из Гейне взята из: Jacobs, Jewish Contributions, 239–240; Janos, The Politics of Backwardness, Ch. 3; Ferguson, The World’s Banker, 7–11, 505–507 and passim, в особенности 147 и 173; Fritz Stern. Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977; Александр Герцен. Былое и думы. М.: Художественная литература, 1969, 1: 643–651.
76
Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 52–67. Efron, Medicine and the German Jews, 236–237. Cf. Lengyel, Hungarian Banking and Business Leaders. Среди еврейских отцов-предпринимателей Венгрии доля самостоятельно добившихся успеха людей, не имевших формального светского образования, была гораздо выше, чем среди неевреев. О непропорционально высоком представительстве евреев среди учащихся гимназий см.: Goldscheider and Zuckеrman, The Transformation of the Jews, 86; и Victor Karady, Les juifs de Hongrie sous les lois antisémites // Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, № 56 (March 1985): 28.
77
Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 33–34; Goldscheider and Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews, 85–87; Efron, Medicine and the German Jews, 236; Maria M. Kovâcs. Liberal Professions and Illiberal Politics: Hungary from the Habsburgs to the Holocaust. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 18; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 237.
78
Goldscheider and Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews, 90; Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 38–39; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 27, 101. См. также: Kovâcs, Liberal Professions, 17–19; and Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews, 30–31.
79
Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 38–40 (цитата взята со с. 40); Friedlduider, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 79–80; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 36–38; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 131–146; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, 182–183.
80
John Murray Cuddihy. The Ordeal of Civility: Freud, Marx, Lévi Strauss, and the Jewish Struggle with Modernity. New York: Basic Books, 1974, 8; Milton Himmelfarb. The Jews of Modernity. New York: Basic Books, 1973, 23; Katz, Out of the Ghetto, 42–56 (the quote is on p. 45), 84; Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 40–41; Hannah Arendt. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973, 59–62; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 862–914; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 79–80; Zygmunt Bauman. Exit Visas and Entry Tickets: Paradoxes of Jewish Assimilation // Telos, vol. 77 (1988): 52–53; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 33–41; István Deák. Weimar Germany’s Left-Wing Intellectuals: A Political History of the Weltbühne and Its Circle. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968, 27–28; Frederic V. Grunfeld. Prophets – without Honour: A Background to Freud, Kafka, Einstein and their World. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979, 26–29 and passim.
81
Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 14–32; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 33–41; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, passim; McCagg, Jewish Nobles and Geniuses, 15–16 and passim; David Nachmansohn, German-Jewish Pioneers in Science 1900–1933: Highlights in Atomic Physics, Chemistry, and Biochemistry. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979. Гундольф цитируется no: Himmelfarb, The Jews of Modernity, 44; см. также: Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility, 8. О ротшильдовском мифе см.: Ferguson, The World’s Banker, 11–28.
82
Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1. New York: John Lane, 1912, 574, 492–493, 330, 238, 232, 254, 391.
83
Jacobs, Jewish Contributions to Civilization, 10, 56–57.
84
Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 321, 343, 209, 226–227.
85
Там же, 237–238.
86
Matthew Arnold. Culture and Anarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966, 129–144.
87
Friedrich Nietzsche. Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future, section 195, in Basic Writings of Nietzsche, trans. and ed. by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Modern Library, 1968, 298.
88
Там же, section 11; Max Weber. The Protestant Ethic and the Sprit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons. London and New York: Routledge, 1995, 180–182.
89
Madison C. Peters. Justice to the Jew: The Story of What He Has Done for the World. New York: Trow Press, 1910, 24, 14, 29, 44, 66, 214, 207.
90
John Foster Fraser, The Conquering Jew (London: Cassell, 1915), 30–31, 43, 35. О евреях и рационализме см. превосходную работу Steven Beller “«Pride and Prejudice» or «Sense and Sensibility»? How Reasonable Was Anti-Semitism in Vienna, 1880–1939? in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 99–124.
91
Sombart, The Jews and Modem Capitalism, 254; L. B. Namier, Introduction, in Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World, xx – xxi; Fraser, The Conquering Jew, 213.
92
Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu. Israël chez les nations. Paris: Calmann Lfivy, 1893, 221.
93
Chamberlain, Foundations of the Nineteenth Century 1: 482–483; Leroy-Beaulieu, Israël chez les nations, 341–342.
94
Thorstein Veblen. The Intellectual Pre-Eminence of Jews in Modern Europe // Political Science Quarterly 34, № 1 (March 1919): 33–42. См. также: David Hollinger. Why Are Jews Preeminent in Science and Scholarship? The Veblen Thesis Reconsidered // Aleph 2 (2002): 145–163.
95
A. Jussawalla, Missing Person, цитируется в: Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 55.
96
Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question”, in Early Writings. New York: Vintage Books, 1975, 211–241; Adolf Hitler. Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962, 26–27, 59–60.
97
Weber, The Protestant Ethic, 182.
98
Carl E. Schorske. Fin de siècle Vienna. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980, 129; Pierre Birnbaum. The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
99
Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 100–101.
100
Bauman, Exit Visas and Entry Tickets, 52–55; Лейхтер цит. no: Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 186. См. также: Birnbaum, The Jews of the Republic.
101
Иной взгляд на европейский канон содержится в: Harold Bloom. The Western Canon: The Book and School for the Ages. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1994.
102
Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 141.
103
Ernest Gellner. Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989, 115. См. также его Nations and Nationalism, passim.
104
П. Я. Чаадаев. Избранные сочинения и письма (М.: Правда, 1991), 27, 32. См. также: Peter Uwe Hohendahl. Building a National Literature: The Case of Germany, 1830–1870. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989, esp. 140–73.
105
Осип Мандельштам. Сочинения в двух томах, т. 2. М.: Художественная литература, 1990, 14–15.
106
Grunfeld, Prophets without Honor, 6 (“Denk ich an Deutschland in der Nacht / Dann bin ich um den Schlaf gebracht”); Гольдштейн цит. пo: Michael Löwy. Redemption and Utopia: Jewish Libertarian Thought in Central Europe. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, 31, и Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 78; Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 150–151. См. также: Janos, The Politics of Backwardness, 117–118.
107
Gershom Scholem. On Jews and Judaism in Crisis: Selected Essays. New York: Schocken Books, 1976, 79; Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 151; Розенцвейг цит. пo: Sidney M. Bolkosky. The Distorted Image: German Jewish Perceptions of Germans and Germany, 1918–1935. New York: Elsevier, 1975, 16.
108
Владимир (Зеев) Жаботинский. Избранное. Jerusalem: Biblioteka Aliia, 1992, 28.
109
Там же, 160; Гольдштейн цит. по: Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 78.
110
Bolkosky, The Distorted Image, 13.
111
Чаадаев, Избранные сочинения, 28.
112
Otto Weininger. Sex and Character. London: William Heinemann, 1907, 308, 313.
113
Joseph Hayyim Brenner, Self-Criticism, in Arthur Hertzberg, ed. The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader. New York: Atheneum, 1959, 307–312.
114
Weininger, Sex and Character, 328.
115
Cм. Letter to His Father и Selections from Diaries, 1911–1923, в: The Basic Kafka. New York: Washington Square Books, 1979, 217, 191, 259, 261. См. также: Erich Heller’s introduction, xviii.
116
Марсель Пруст. Содом и Гоморра. М.: Художественная литература, 1987, 35.
117
Там же, 104; Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 82.
118
Ulysses цитируется по изданию: James Joyce. Ulysses, ed. by Hans Walter Gabier with Wolfhard Steppe and Claus Melchior. New York: Vintage Books, 1986. Первая цифра обозначает главу, вторая – строку. Русский вариант – по пер.: С. Хоружий, В. Хинкис (М.: Терра, 1997).
119
Лучшие книги о марксизме и фрейдизме: Leszek Kolakowski. Main Currents of Marxism: Its Rise, Growth, and Dissolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978; Ernest Gellner. The Psychoanalytic Movement, or The Cunning of Unreason. London: Paladin Grafton Books, 1988.
120
Gellner, Plough, Sword and Book, 34–35.
121
Marx, On the Jewish Question, 236, 237, 241. См. также: Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility, 119–120, 152–154 and passim; и Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, 25–34 and passim.
122
Dennis B. Klein. Jewish Origins of the Psychoanalytic Movement. New York: Praeger, 1981, 93–94.
123
Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 17; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 26–27; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 91–93; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 557–561; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 95; István Deák. Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918–1919 // Slavonic and East European Review 46, № 106 (January 1968): 138–139; William O. McCagg, Jr. Jews in Revolutions: The Hungarian Experience // Journal of Social History, № 6 (Fall 1972): 78–105. Сетон-Уотсон цитируется пo: Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews, 35.