Zero Point Ukraine

35 The war against Ukraine, the cruelty of the occupiers, expansionist rhetoric of the Kremlin, and brutality of the “special operations” are very similar to the legitimization of the Soviet Union’s aggression against Finland, the Baltic states, and Poland; and respectively Hitler’s—against Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. It is yet another proof that “to be continued” turned into reality of practical actions.

36 George O. Liber, Total Wars and the Making of Modern Ukraine, 1914–1954 (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 11.

37 Amir Wеinеr, “Naturе, Nurture, and Memory in a Socialist Utopia: Delinеating the Soviеt Soсio-Еthniс Body in the Agе of Soсialism,” Аmеrican Historical Review 104, no. 4 (October 1999): 1114–1155; Terry Мartin, “Modеrnization or Nеo-Traditionalism? Asсribеd Nationality and Soviеt Pгimordialism,” in Stаlinism: Nеw Directions, ed. Shеila Fitzpatгiсk (New York, 2000), 348–367; Terry Martin, “The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing,” Journal of Modern History 70, no. 4 (1998): 813–861.

38 Timothy Snyder, Krovavyie zemli: Evropa mezhdu Gitlerom i Stalinyim [Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin], trans. Lukiya Zurnadzhi (Kyiv: Duliby), 127.

39 Oleksandr Rublov, Volodymyr Repryntsev, “Represii proty poliakiv v Ukraini u 1930-ti roky” [Repressions against the Poles in Ukraine during the 1930s], Z arkhiviv VUChK–HPU–NKVD–KHB 1/2 (2/3) (1995): 116–156; Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War. The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Volodymyr Nikolskyi, Oleksandr But, Petro Dobrov, and Victor Shevchenko, Knyha pamiati hrekiv Ukrainy. Naukove vydannia [The book of memory of the Greeks of Ukraine] (Donetsk: Region, 2005); Ivan Dzhukha, Grecheskaya operatsiya. Istoriya repressiy protiv grekov v SSSR [The Greek Operation of the NKVD. The history of repressions against the Greeks in the USSR] (Saint Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2006); Oleksandr Rublov and Larysa Yakubova, “‘Natsionalni spravy’ ta yikhnii vplyv na zhyttia natsmenhromad Ukrainy” [“National cases” and their influence on the minorities’ life in Ukraine], in Orhany etnopolitychnoho rehuliuvannia v konteksti polityky korenizatsii: ukrainskyi dosvid (Kyiv: Instytut istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy, 2014), 225–235.

40 Christopher R. Browning, The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), іх.

41 Brian Glyn Williams, “Hidden Ethnocide in the Soviet Muslim Borderlands: The Ethnic Cleansing of the Crimean Tatars,” Journal of Genocide Research 4:3 (2002): 357–373; Stephen Blank, “A Double Dispossession: The Crimean Tatars After Russia’s Ukrainian War,” Genocide Studies and Prevention 9:1 (2015): 18–32. See also Lyman H. Legters, “Soviet Deportation of Whole Nations: A Genocidal Process” in Samuel Totten et al., Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views (New York: Garland Publishing, 1997), 112–135.

42 Classification by Alette Smeulers. Quoted in Daria Mattingly, “Zhinky v kolhospakh—velyka syla”: khto vony—ukrainski pryzvidnytsi Holodomoru” [Women in kolkhozes—a great power: Who were they, Ukrainian perpetrators of Holodomor?], Ukraina moderna, September 20, 2018, http://uamoderna.com/md/mattingly-women-in-kolkhoz.

43 Christopher Browning coined the term “ordinary people” as a specific proper name for the Germans who participated in the “final solution of the Jewish question” as the members of the police battalion. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and The Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper, 1992), 271.

44 Tamara Vronska, Upokorennia strakhom: simeine zaruchnytstvo u karalnii praktytsi (1917–1953 rr.) [Submission by fear: Family members as hostages in the punitive practice (1917–1953)] (Kyiv: Tempora, 2013), 624.

45 Vladyslav Hrynevych, Nepryborkane riznoholossia: druha svitova viina i suspilno-politychni nastroi v Ukrainy, 1939—cherven 1941 [Untamed polyphony: The Second World War and socio-political moods in Ukraine, since 1939 up to June 1941] (Kyiv; Dnipropetrovsk: Lira, 2012), 508.

46 Svyaschennoe telo korolya: Ritualy i mifologiya vlasti [The sacred body of a king: Rituals and mythology of power], ed. Nina Khachaturyan (Moscow: Nauka, 2006), 486.

47 Christel Lane, “Legitimacy and power in Soviet Union: socialist ritual,” British Journal of Political Science 14:2 (1984): 207–217; James Thrower, Marxism-Leninism as the civil religion of Soviet society: God’s commissar (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1992).

48 Caroline Humphrey, Karl Marx Collective: Economy, Society, and Religion in a Siberian Collective Farm (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Quoted in Aleksey Yurchak, Eto byilo navsegda, poka ne konchilos. Poslednee sovetskoe pokolenie [It had been there for good, until it stopped. The last Soviet generation] (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2014), 214.

49 Stanislav Kulchytsky, “Pochatok pohlynennia suspilstva derzhavoiu-komunoiu (1917–1928)” [The start of absorption of society by the commune-state (1917–1928)], in Vidnosyny derzhavy, suspilstva i osoby pid chas stvorennia radianskoho ladu v Ukraini (1917–1938 rr.). Kolektyvna monohrafiia, vol. 1, ed. Valeriy Smoliy (Kyiv: Instytut istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy, 2013), 38.

50 Wendy Lower, “‘On Him Rests the Weight of the Administration’: Nazi Civilian Rulers and the Holocaust in Zhytomyr,” in The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization, ed. Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), 225.

51 Serhy Yekelchyk, Imperiia pamiati. Rosiisko-ukrainski stosunky v radianskii istorychnii uiavi [Empire of memory. Russian–Ukrainian relations in the Soviet historical imagination] (Kyiv: Krytyka, 2008), 19–20.

52 Jan T. Gross, “The Sovietisation of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia,” in Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR, 1939–46, ed. Norman Davies, Antony Polonsky (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1991), 66.

53 Ibid., 65.

54 Ibid.

55 Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 256.

56 Philip Zimbardo, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil (New York: Random House, 2007).

57 Ibid., 211.

58 Arendt, Dzherela totalitaryzmu, 504.

59 Nechama Tec, When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Occupied Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (New York: The Free Press, 1988); Emmy E. Werner, A Conspiracy of Decency: The Rescue of the Danish Jews (Boulder: Westview Press, 2002); Peter Grose, A Good Place to Hide: How One French Community Saved Thousands of Lives in World War II (New York: Pegasus Books, 2015).

60 Yakiv Suslenskyi, Spravzhni heroi [True heroes] (Kyiv: Tovarystvo “Ukraina-Izrail”, 1993); Zhanna Kovba, Liudianist u bezodni pekla [Humanity in the abyss of hell] (Kyiv: Sfera, 1998); Zhanna Kovba, Liudianist u bezodni pekla [Humanity in the abyss of hell] (Kyiv: Tsentr “Tkuma,” Dukh i litera, 2009); Doslidzhennia ta vykladannia istorii Holokostu. Ukraina, Niderlandy, Belhiia. Zbirnyk materialiv mizhnarodnoho proektu “Istoriia Holokostu v Ukraini ta Nyzhnikh Zemliakh [Researching and teaching the history of Holocaust. Ukraine, the Netherlands, Belgium. Collected materials of the “History of Holocaust in Ukraine and lower lands” international project], eds. Mark Otten and Yulia Smilianska (Kyiv; Arnkhem: Dukh i Litera, 2010); Pravednyky svitu ta inshi riativnyky pid chas Holokostu: pryklad Ukrainy u porivnialnomu konteksti: zbirka naukovykh statei [The righteous among the nations and other saviors during the Holocaust: An example of Ukraine in comparative context: Collected research papers] (Dnipropetrovsk: Instytut “Tkuma”, 2015), etc.

61 Vladyslav Hrynevych, “Mit viiny ta viina mitiv” [The myth of war and the war of myths], Krytyka, May 2005, https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Hrynevych_Vladyslav/Mit_viiny_ta_viina_mitiv.pdf?.

62 Sarah Fainberg, “Memory at the Margins: The Shoah in Ukraine (1991–2011),” in History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe Memory Games, eds. Georges Mink and Laure Neumayer (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 91.

63 Olesya Khromeychuk, “Istoriia uperedzhen: spryiniattia dyvizii ‘Halychyna’ v 1947 i v 2011 rokakh” [The history of prejudice: Reception of the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) in 1947 and in 2011], Ukraina moderna, January 23, 2012 http://www.historians.in.ua/index.php/en/avtorska-kolonka/97-olesya-khromeychuk-istoriia-uperedzhenspryiniattia-dyvizii-halychyna-v-1947-i-v-2011-rokakh; “Repatriation of Soviet Citizens,” (NA) CAB/129/10, May 29, 1946, http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-129-10.pdf quoted in Olesya Khromeychuk, “Radianska repatriatsiina misiia ta brytanska komisiia z perevirky bizhentsiv” [The Soviet repatriation mission and British commission on refugee verification], Ukraina moderna, December 8, 2016, http://uamoderna.com/md/khromeychuk-repatriation .

64 Olesya Khromeychuk, “Undetermined” Ukrainians. Post‐War Narratives of the Waffen SS “Galicia” Division (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2013).

65 Roman Shporliuk, Imperiia ta natsii [Empire and nations] (Kyiv: Dukh i Litera, 2000); Stephen Velychenko, “The Issue of Russian Colonialism in Ukrainian Thought: Dependency Identity and Development,” Ab Imperio 3:1 (2002): 323-67; Ewa Thompson, Trubaduri imperii: Rosiiska literatura i kolonializm [Imperial Knowledge: Russian Literature and Colonialism] (Kyiv: Osnovy, 2006); Francine Hirsch, Empire of Nations. Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005); Mykola Riabchuk, Postkolonialnyi syndrom. Sposterezhennia [Postcolonial syndrome. Observations] (Kyiv: K.I.S., 2011); Timothy Snyder and Ray Brandon (eds.), Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); Vasyl Rasevych, “‘Sovity’ i ‘bolshevyky’ kolys i teper. Chy slid vvazhaty radianskyi period okupatsiinym?” [The “Soviets” and “bolsheviks” once and now. Should the Soviet period be considered as occupation?], September 29, 2017, https://zaxid.net/soviti_i_bolsheviki_kolis_i_teper_n1437655.

66 Karel Berkhoff, Zhnyva rozpachu. Zhyttia i smert v Ukraini pid natsystskoiu vladoiu [Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule], trans. Taras Tsymbal (Kyiv: Krytyka, 2011), 296.

67 Eleonora Narvselius and Gelinada Grinchenko, “Introduction: ‘Formulas of Betrayal’—Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory”, in Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory. Formulas of Betrayal, eds. Gelinada Grinchenko and Eleonora Narvselius (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 1–30.

68 For details see Mykola Borovyk, “Collaboration and Collaborators in Ukraine During: Between Myth and Memory,” in Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory. Formulas of Betrayal, eds. Gelinada Grinchenko and Eleonora Narvselius (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 285–310; Olena Stiazhkina, Styhma okupatsii: radianski zhinky v samobachenni 1940-h rokiv [Stigma of occupation: Soviet women in their self-imagination of the 1940s] (Kyiv: Dukh i Litera, 2019).

69 Narvselius and Grinchenko, “Introduction: ‘Formulas of Betrayal’,” 3.

70 Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (London: Abacus, 1989), 27.

71 Lorenz, “Unstuck in Time,” 77–81.

72 Ibid., 71.

73 Assmann, Raspalas svyaz vremen?

74 Quoted in: Assmann, Raspalas svyaz vremen?

75 Lorenz, “Unstuck in Time,” 70.

76 Liber, Total Wars, 11.

77 Tamara Vronska and Volodymyr Pylypchuk, “Transformatsiia osoblyvykh pravovykh rezhymiv na ukrainskykh zemliakh u XIX–XX stolitti” [Transformation of the special legal regimes in Ukrainian lands in 19th and 20th centuries], Naukovyi chasopys NPU imeni M. P. Drahomanova. Seriia 18: Ekonomika i pravo 31 (2016): 19; http://enpuir.npu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/18951/1/Vronska_Pylypchuk.pdf.

78 Anna Rogowska and Stanisław Stępień, “Polsko-ukrainskyi kordon v ostanni piv stolittia” [Polish–Ukrainian border in the last half a century], Nezalezhnyi kulturolohichnyi chasopys “Yi,” no. 11 (1997).

79 Roman Chmelyk, “Vidobrazhennia v pamiati mistsevoho naselennia protsesu tvorennia radiansko-polskoho kordonu v Ukraini (1939–1945 rr.),” [The process of formation of Soviet–Polish border in Ukraine (1939–1945) as it was reflected in the memory of the locals], Narodoznavchi zoshyty 102, no. 6 (2011), 947–952.

80 Anatolii Kentii, Narys borotby OUN-UPA v 1946–1956 rr. [An outline of fighting of OUN-UPA in 1946–1956] (Kyiv: [n.p.], 1999); Jeffrey Burds, “The Early Cold War in Soviet Western Ukraine, 1944–1948”, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1505 (2001); Yurii Kyrychuk, Ukrainskyi natsionalno-vyzvolnyi rukh 40–50-kh rokiv XX stolittia: ideolohiia ta praktyka [Ukrainian national liberation movement during the 1940s and 1950s: Ideology and practice] (Lviv: Dobra sprava, 2003); Yurii Shapoval, “Viina pislia viiny” [The war after war] in Ukrainska Povstanska Armiia u borotbi proty totalitarnykh rezhymiv [Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the struggle against totalitarian regimes] (Lviv: Instytut ukrainoznavstva im. I. Krypiakevycha NAN Ukrainy, 2004), 184–201.

81 Liber, Total Wars, 111–200.

82 Ibid., 111.

83 Yaroslav Hrytsak, “Persha svitova viina: ukrainska perspektyva” [The First World War: Ukrainian perspective], Ukraina moderna 23 (2016), http://uamoderna.com/md/hrytsak-unintelligible-war.

84 Mykola Borovyk, “Mit revoliutsii i nova skhema ukrainskoi istorii,” [The myth of revolution and the new scheme of Ukrainian history], Krytyka, August 2013, https://krytyka.com/ua/articles/mit-revolyutsiyi-i-nova-skhema-ukrayinskoyi-istoriyi.

85 Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1993), 68.

86 “‘Dnevnik. Myisli. Detali’. Vstupni zauvazhennia O. Betlii, K. Dysy, Yu. Kysloi” [“The diary. Thoughts. Details”. Introductory notes by Olena Betlii, Kateryna Dysa, Yulia Kysla] in Mizhkulturnyi dialoh, vol. 1, Identychnist (Kyiv: Dukh i litera, 2009). The text of the diary by the young girl from the Kirovohrad region, a member of the Komsomol, illustrates romantic feelings, first signs of love, dates, and talks with the Germans, not perceived by her as an occupying force.

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