Conservatism, the Right Wing, and the Far Right: A Guide to Archives

Websites with information:

http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~ajhs_pb~r!!318

Finding aids:

http://findingaids.cjh.org/?fnm=BostonJCRC&pnm=AJHS

http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=252821

Link to digital collection (requires user name and reference request):

http://cdm15869.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm

[0347a] Botnick (A.I. and Fay) Civil Rights Collection, ca. 1819-1993 (bulk 1960s–1990s), Collection Number: M338

Location: Special Collections, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5148, Hattiesburg, MS 39406-5148

Description: Adolph (A.I.) Botnick (1924-1995) was director of the Anti-Defamation League's South Central Regional Office in New Orleans and a civil rights activist in the Mississippi and Louisiana area. The collection consists of newspaper articles, periodicals, bumper stickers, a photograph, and various personal memorabilia documenting anti-Semitism and civil rights issues in Mississippi and Louisiana. Includes articles relating to Byron de la Beckwith, 1973-1993; civil rights articles by Jack Nelson, 1968-1993; The Truth At Last, Number 332, ca. 1989; Christian Voters and Buyers League Long-Playing Records, Decatur, Georgia, ca. 1960s; and KKK Rubber Squeeze Toy, ca. 1960s.

Finding aid:

http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/archives/m338.htm

[0348] Fondo Giuseppe Bottai, 1903-1992

Location: Fondazione Arnoldo e Alberto Mondadori, via Riccione 8, 20156 Milano, Italy

Description: Giuseppe Bottai (1895-1959) was a journalist and editor of Critica fascista and other journals. The archive consists of personal diaries; speeches in the House and Senate; personal and family correspondence; and photographs from 1903 to 1958. Series 2. Carriera Politico - Militare e Letteraria, contains correspondence with Olivia Rossetti Agresti, Riccardo Del Giudice, Curzio Malaparte, Fernando Mezzasoma, Benito Mussolini, Gioacchino Nicoletti, Giovanni Papini, Alessandro Pavolini, Camillo Pellizzi, Concetto Pettinato, Giorgio Pini, Boris de Rachewiltz, Ugo Spirito, Fulvio Suvich, Giambattista Vicari, and Gioacchino Volpe. Series 4. Carteggio, contains correspondence with Galeazzo Ciano, Benedetto Croce, Riccardo Del Giudice, Giulio Evola, Roberto Farinacci, Giovanni Gentile, Ezio Maria Gray, Curzio Malaparte, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Benito Mussolini, Sergio Panunzio, Giovanni Papini, Camillo Pellizzi, Giorgio Pini, Giuseppe Prezzolini, Bruno Spampanato, Ugo Spirito, Augusto Turati, and Gioacchino Volpe.

Note: Copies of part of the archive (1928-1965) are held at the Fondazione Ugo Spirito e Renzo de Felice (http://www.fondazionespirito.it/bottai.asp).

Websites with information:

http://www.fondazionemondadori.it/cms/conservazione/163/

Finding aid:

http://www.fondazionemondadori.it/bottai/

[0349] Clarence A. Bottolfsen Papers, 1926-1964, Manuscript Group 11

Location: Special Collections & Archives, University of Idaho Library, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2350, Moscow, ID 83844-2350

Description: Clarence A. Bottolfsen (1891-1964) was elected to two terms as governor of Idaho. Series I. Speeches, 1926-1961, contains an undated anti-Roosevelt speech; an undated speech on Communism; an anti-New Deal speech, October 1944; a copy of Alphabetical agencies created under the Roosevelt New Deal Party, by E.M. Biggers (Houston, Texas, Biggers Printing Company, 1932); a mimeograph copy of a letter sent by H.P. Fulmer to E.M. Biggers, with Biggers' reply; Samuel B. Pettengill, Release no. 602. Who will write the peace? September 26, 1944; and Samuel B. Pettengill, Release no. 603. No ceiling on Americans, September 28, 1944. Series V. History, contains a copy of Petition to members of the seventy-eighth congress of the United States for the redress of grievances suffered by my son, Tyler Kent..., by Ann H.P. Kent. October 1, 1944. Series VIII. Miscellaneous, contains a box of newspapers and newspaper clippings on Americanism, Anti-communist and Politics, and a copy of Communism's threat to religion, by Anselem M. Keefe (Indianapolis, Ind., Constitutional Protective League, n.d.). Series XII. Scrapbooks, contains articles from Free Enterprise and Samuel B. Pettengill's news letters.

Websites with information:

http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/special-collections/searchall.html

http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/special-collections/Manuscripts/

Finding aids:

http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/special-collections/Manuscripts/mg011.htm

http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv63274

[0350] Lemuel R. Boulware Papers, circa 1917-1990, Ms. Coll. 52

Location: Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center, 6th floor, University of Pennsylvania, 3420 Walnut Street, Philadelphia PA 19104-6206

Description: Lemuel R. Boulware (1895-1990) was a leading figure in industrial relations in America during the 1940's and 1950's. He was also a noted author and lecturer. As vice-president of General Electric Company with responsibility for public and employee relations, he developed "Boulwarism," a negotiation tactic with unions that was eventually found to be an unfair labor practice. His papers comprise correspondence, speeches, articles, memos, employee relations materials, photographs, clippings, etc. Series IX. Correspondence, etc., contains correspondence, mailings, articles and miscellaneous items by or about America's Future, American Economic Foundation, Tom Anderson (Straight Talk), George S. Benson, Styles Bridges ("Needed: A Something-for-Something Program"), William F. Buckley, James F. Byrnes, Cato Institute, John R. Chamberlain, Whittaker Chambers ("A Letter to My Children"), Frank Chodorov, Dartmouth Review, James C. Davis, Lawrence Fertig, James W. Fifield, James Forrestal, Foundation for Economic Education, Inc., The Freedom School, Inc., Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge, The Freeman, Newt Gingrich, Barry Goldwater, Group Research, Inc., Harding College designation of Boulware as "A Distinguished American Citizen", F. A. Harper ("Savings: the Greatest Economic Charity"), Friedrich A. von Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, The Heritage Foundation, Hillsdale College, Human Events, The Intercollegiate Review, Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Inc., Jack Kemp, Howard E. Kershner, Willford I. King, Russell Kirk, Irving Kristol, Thomas A. Lane, William S. Lind (with a copy of "What is Cultural Conservatism?" Essays on Our Times, 2, no. 1 (March 1986)), Douglas MacArthur, The Manion Forum, E. Victor Milione, Raymond Moley, National Review, National Review Bulletin, National Right to Work Committee, Ron Paul, Westbrook Pegler, Stefan T. Possony, Rampart College Newsletter, Leonard E. Read, Henry Regnery, Rockford College, The Rockford Institute, Murray N. Rothbard, Edward A. Rumely, Richard M. Scaife, Hans Sennholz, Ralph de Toledano, Ludwig von Mises, Richard M. Weaver, A. C. Wedemeyer, Charles W. White (What Inflation Does to YOU), James L. Wick, George F. Will, and Young Americans for Freedom.

Reference:

Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 2009).

Websites with information:

http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/mss/

Finding aids:

http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl52

http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/ead.pdf?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl52

http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/detail.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl52

http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/ead.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl52

http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/ead.html?q=Boulware%20&id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl52&

[0351] Stephen Miles Bouton Papers, 1918-1962, Coll. 83014

Location: Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6010

Description: Bouton (1876-1963) was a journalist, foreign correspondent, and lecturer. Memoirs, dispatches, newspaper columns, other writings, speeches, and correspondence, relating to the German revolution of 1918, German politics and society from World War I to World War II, interwar European politics, and social conditions and civil liberties in the U.S. The series Correspondence, 1918-1962, contains correspondence with General Erich Ludendorff and H. L. Mencken. The series Speeches and Writings, 1931-1962, contains an interview with General Erich Ludendorff and a pamphlet, Chiefly Concerning Garet Garrett (1923). Subject File, 1932-1956, includes correspondence with Völkischer Beobachter, 1932.

Finding aid:

http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf58700461/entire_text/

Finding aids to photographs (83014 - 10.AV):

2 prints and 1 postcard depicting S.M. Bouton, circa 1910s-1950s; and 1 postcard, autographed, depicting Count Luckner, German U-boat captain and explorer, 1926.

http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7c603790/entire_text/

http://cdn.calisphere.org/data/13030/90/kt7c603790/files/kt7c603790.pdf

[0352] Robert O. Bowen Papers, 1948-1967, MS Group 13

Location: Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, 208 Smathers Library, 1508 Union Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611-7005

Description: Robert O. Bowen (1920-2003) was a professor, author, poet, and editor. He was the author of The Truth about Communism (Northport, Ala., Colonial Press [1962]). The correspondence consists of academic, literary, and personal correspondence. Correspondents include Bruce Alger, William Buckley, Barry Goldwater, J. Edgar Hoover, Frank Meyer, National Review, and E. Merrill Root.

Finding aid:

http://www.library.ufl.edu/spec/manuscript/Bowen/Bowen%20Papers.htm

[0352a] Chester Bowles Papers, 1924-1982, MS 628

Location: Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University Library, 128 Wall Street, P.O. Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520

Description: Chester Bowles (1901-1986) was governor of Connecticut (1948-1950), ambassador to India (1951-1953, 1963-1969), and U.S. representative (1959-1960). The papers consist of correspondence, speeches, writings, photographs, clippings, oral history interviews, and other material. Part I, Series I. Correspondence, 1942-1946, contains correspondence with William Benton, Styles Bridges, James F. Byrnes, James Forrestal, Freedom House, Herbert Hoover, National Association of Manufacturers, Wright Patman, and Dorothy Thompson. Part II, Series I. General Correspondence, 1946-1951, contains correspondence with William Benton, Thomas J. Dodd, Milton S. Eisenhower, Dwight David Eisenhower, Freedom House, Hamilton Holt, Isadore Lipschutz (Society for the Prevention of World War III), Henry Luce, Clare Boothe Luce, Leverett Saltonstall, John J. Sparkman, Peter Viereck, Francis E. Walter, and James P. Warburg. Part III, Series I. U.S. and International Correspondence, 1951-1953, contains correspondence with William Benton, Charles Brannan, Owen Brewster, Grenville Clark, Thomas J. Dodd, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ralph E. Flanders, Foreign Policy Association, Archibald Henderson, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., Bourke Hickenlooper, Walter H. Judd, John D. Lodge, Henry Cabot Lodge, Henry R. Luce, Clare Boothe (Mrs. Henry R.) Luce, Margaret Sanger, H. Alexander Smith, John J. Sparkman, Francis Cardinal Spellman, The Ford Foundation (United States), and Alexander Wiley. Part IV, Series I. Correspondence, 1953-1958, contains correspondence with Frank Altschul; American Institute of Pacific Relations; Asia Society (Committee for Free Asia); William Benton; Committee for Free Asia; Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.; Council Against Communist Aggression; Crusade for Free Democratic China, Inc.; Thomas J. Dodd; Milton Eisenhower; Dwight D. Eisenhower; Ralph E. Flanders; Ford Foundation; Foreign Policy Association; Fund for the Republic; Institute of Pacific Relations; C. D. Jackson; Walter Judd; Alfred Kohlberg; Irving Kristol; Henry Cabot Lodge; Clare Boothe & Henry Luce; Douglas MacArthur (also 2 memoranda of conversations); John McManus; Moral Re-Armament; National Committee for an Effective Congress; Richard M. Nixon; Wright Patman; Norman Podhoretz; Reader's Digest; Richard Russell; H. Alexander Smith; John Sparkman; DeWitt Wallace; and James P. Warburg. Part V, Series I. Correspondence, 1959-1960, contains correspondence with Frank Altschul, William Benton, Frank T. Bow, Charles F. Brannan, Homer Capehart, Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., Thomas J. Dodd, William J.B. Dorn, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sam Engelhardt, Philip Hart, F. Edward Hébert, Tom Hennings, John Edgar Hoover, Donald L. Jackson, Walter Judd, Henry A. Kissinger, Jay Lovestone, National Committee for an Effective Congress, Wright Patman, Leverett Saltonstall, James H. Sheldon, H. Alexander Smith, John Sparkman, Herman E. Talmadge, Strom Thurmond, Francis E. Walter, James P. Warburg, and John Bell Williams. Part VI, Series I. Correspondence, 1961-1963, contains correspondence with Assembly of Captive European Nations, William Benton, Council on Foreign Relations, Thomas J. Dodd, Milton Eisenhower, Sam J. Ervin, Jr., Louis Fischer, Foreign Policy Association, Philip A. Hart, Eric Hoffer, Henry Luce, Research Institute of America, Inc., John Sparkman, and James P. Warburg. Part VII, Series I. Correspondence, 1963-1969, contains correspondence with William Benton, Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., Everett M. Dirksen, Thomas J. Dodd, Peter H. Dominick, Paul Findley, Louis Fischer, Gerald R. Ford, Foreign Policy Association, Walter H. Judd, Henry Cabot Lodge, Richard M. Nixon, Reader's Digest, Ogden R. Reid, Vermont Royster, Richard B. Russell, Leverett Saltonstall, John Sparkman, James P. Warburg, and Milton R. Young.

Finding aid:

http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0628

[0352b] Bowling Green (Ky.) Lyceum. Minute book, 1846-1847

Location: Special Collections, The Filson Historical Society, 1310 South 3rd Street, Louisville, KY 40208

Description: Minutes of the meetings of the organization; and its constitution and by-laws. Written in the Lyceum's minute book is the diary, 1848-1862, of Lemuel C. Porter (1810-1887), physician and surgeon of Bowling Green, Ky. The diary describes, among other things, the Know-Nothing party and Bloody Monday in Louisville (August 6, 1855).

Finding aid:

http://www.filsonhistorical.org/archive/guide1.html

[0353] Isaiah Bowman Papers, 1902-50, Ms. 58

Location: Special Collections, The Milton S. Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218

Description: Bowman (1878-1950) was director of the American Geographical Society (1915-35) and president of the Johns Hopkins University (1935-48). Series XVI contains Bowman's papers on the Dumbarton Oaks conference in 1944, and Series XVII has the material on his participation in the San Francisco Conference which led to the founding of the United Nations. Correspondents include Charles Austin Beard, Spruille Braden, James F. Byrnes, Dwight D. Eisenhower, James Forrestal, Garet Garrett, Madison Grant, Alger Hiss, J. Edgar Hoover, Herbert Hoover, Stanley K. Hornbeck, Owen Lattimore, Felix Morley, Frederick Osborn, E.V. Rickenbacker, Kermit Roosevelt, Lothrop Stoddard, A.C. Wedemeyer, and Wendell L. Willkie.

Websites with information:

http://guides.library.jhu.edu/hopkinshistory

http://old.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/manuscripts/msregisters/index.html

http://guides.library.jhu.edu/c.php?g=202582&p=1336245

Finding aid:

http://ead.library.jhu.edu/ms058.xml

[0354] The Blanche M. Boyd Papers, 1957-1984, RL.00134 [partly digital collection]

Location: David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, Box 90185, 103 Perkins Library, Durham, North Carolina 27708

Description: The collection consists of correspondence (1963-1984); notes, drafts, and proofs of her books Nerves, Mourning the Death of Magic, and The Redneck Way of Knowledge; reports on the Greensboro shootings (November 1979); and materials on the Democratic National Convention of 1980. Short stories, essays, reviews of Boyd's work, and photographs are also included. Her report on the Greensboro shootings is based on a large number of newspaper and magazine clippings, also included in the collection, as well as interviews. Boyd wrote on the Greensboro shootings for the Village Voice and The Redneck Way of Knowledge.

Finding aids:

http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/boyd/

http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/boyd.pdf

http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/boyd/pdf

Finding aid to digital collection:

Materials selected for this project are primarily printed materials related to the November 1979 Greensboro shootings, such as flyers and newsletters from the Workers Viewpoint Organization, the Communist Workers Party, and the Greensboro Justice Fund.

https://library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/collection.aspx?c=66

[0355] George T. Boyd papers, 1903-2001, MSS 3082

Location: L. Tom Perry Special Collections; 20th Century Western & Mormon Manuscripts; 1130 Harold B. Lee Library; Brigham Young University; Provo, Utah 84602

Description: Boyd (1909-2004) was a teacher and life-long student of religion and philosophy. Collection consists largely of research notes and articles on various philosophical topics, especially as they relate to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), its doctrines and practices, leadership (past and present), policies, and theology in general. Files on Ezra Taft Benson, Ezra Taft Benson and the Birch Society, J. Reuben Clark, Communism, Equal Rights Amendment, Extremism, Right wing, and Cleon Skousen.

Websites with information:

https://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/browse.php

Finding aid:

http://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/MSS%203082/

[0355a] Papers of Guy and Phyllis Boyd, c1890-2001, MS 7551

Location: National Library of Australia, Parkes Place, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia

Description: Guy Martin á Beckett Boyd (1923-1988) was a sculptor. His wife, Phyllis Boyd (1926-2001), was active in a number of conservative organizations, including Women Who Want to be Women, The Australian Family Association, and Women Against the Ordination of Women. Series 11. Women Who Want to be Women, 1980-2000, contains correspondence and papers relating to the activities of WWWW, including reports, submissions, copies of government press releases, ephemera, and correspondence. Series 12. Women Against the Ordination of Women, 1987-1994, contain correspondence, papers written by Phyllis Boyd, Synod papers, reports, agenda and minutes of meetings, submission papers, promotional flyers and brochures, copies of the WAOW newsletter, newspaper cuttings and copies of journal articles. Series 13. Australian Family Association, 1987-2000, contains papers relating to Phyllis Boyd's involvement with the AFA. They include correspondence, minutes of meetings, AFA press releases, copies of the AFA bulletin Family Update, pamphlets and other ephemera. Series 14. Subject files, 1962-2000, contains files on Abortion; Canadian right to life organisations; Christian Pro-Family Forum; Euthanasia; Family Council of Victoria; Homosexuality; Pornography; Pro-Life Victoria; REAL Women of Canada; and Right to life.

Finding aid:

http://www.nla.gov.au/ms/findaids/7551.html

[0356] Herbert C. Boyd fonds, 1934-1936, PR1248

Location: Provincial Archives of Alberta, 8555 Roper Rd NW, Edmonton, AB T6E 5W1, Canada

Description: Herbert Cameron Boyd was a dedicated advocate of Major C.H. Douglas' social credit theories and was the official delegate of Kerslake's Douglas Credit League of Canada. He was somewhat critical of William Aberhart's interpretation of Social Credit, believing Social Credit was not entirely feasible provincially, but that Alberta Legislature should study and recommend the system to the federal government. The correspondence files of Herbert C. Boyd concern the Social Credit election victory in Alberta and the controversy between William Aberhart and Major C.H. Douglas, 1932-6. There is correspondence with William Aberhart, C. H. Douglas, Herbert Bruce Brougham, G.B. O'Connor, G.H. Van Allen and others about Social Credit in Alberta, newspaper clippings, research notes, and a copy of "The Case for Douglas Social Credit," the brief prepared by Herbert C. Boyd for C.H. Douglas.

Finding Aids: Inventory is available.

Reference:

"Archives Notes," Canadian Historical Review, Volume 63, Number 4 (1982), p. [591].

Websites with information:

https://hermis.alberta.ca/paa/Details.aspx?ObjectID=PR1248&dv=True&deptID=1

http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1149011692062_206_191_57_196

&l=0&lvl=1&v=0&coll=1&itm=250808&rt=1&bill=1

[0356a] Charles Boyer French Research Foundation Collection, 1939-1950 (bulk 1939-1946), Coll. 1132

Location: Department of Special Collections, Manuscripts Division, Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951575, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575

Description: Charles Boyer (1899-1978) and friends founded the French Research Foundation in Los Angeles, California, in the late 1930s to collect information on France and her people and their historical, artistic, and cultural background. The series France Under the German Occupation contains files on Nazi anti-Semitic programs and political executions; and Vichy Government. The series War-time Newspapers, Pamphlets and Tracts contains files on Nazi propaganda. Anti-U.S., England and Russia; Nazi journals; Nazi propaganda. Anti-Semite; Pro-collaboration propaganda; Nazi propaganda. Anti-communist; and Miscellaneous Nazi propaganda.

Websites with information:

http://guides.library.ucla.edu/french

Finding aids:

http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucla/mss/boye1132.pdf

http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt1x0nc4hg/entire_text/

[0357] Sarah Patton Boyle Papers, ca. 1938-1988, Accession 8003-c

Location: Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4110

Description: The series Correspondence contains correspondence with Hodding Carter; a letter from Wilma Dykeman Stokely, Sept. 19, 1956, commenting on events in Charlottesville concerning Boyle and the "charred cross," and the situation in Clinton, Tennessee, involving Kasper and the court hearings; a letter from Lillian E. Smith, Oct. 3, 1952, on a disagreement concerning segregation with Virginius Dabney, editor of the Richmond Times-Dispatch; and an article by George S. Schuyler.

Finding aid:

http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu01051.xml

[0358] Papers of Sarah Patton Boyle, 1949-1970, Accession # 8003-a,-b

Location: Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library, P.O. Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113

Description: Sarah Patton Boyle (1906-1994) was one of Virginia's most prominent white civil rights activists during the 1950s and 1960s and author of the autobiography The Desegregated Heart: A Virginian's Stand in Time of Transition (1962). The collection contains correspondence and material concerning the books The Desegregated Heart and For Human Beings Only; speeches; editorials; book reviews; and other materials. The series Correspondence contains correspondence with the Richmond Times Dispatch (Virginius Dabney). The series Articles and Review by and About Sarah Patton Boyle contains a letter from J. Edgar Hoover to Boyle. The series Miscellaneous Items contains articles on segregation, the desegregation of schools, racism, miscellaneous anti-integration pamphlets, newspapers, and leaflets, a partially burned wooden cross which was burned on Mrs. Boyle's lawn [1956], printed material and newspaper clippings re anti-integrationist John Kasper, a speech by Harry Flood Byrd, "Relative to the Motion to Take Up the So-Called Civil Rights Bill," 1957 Jul 16, and "Virginia and the Supreme Court Decision of May 17" by Benjamin Muse 1955 Jan 23.