The Law of Civilization and Decay
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1
History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 288, 290.
2
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 576. Niebuhr has been followed in the text, although the “nexum” is one of the vexed points of Roman law. (See Über das altrömische Schuldrecht, Savigny.) The precise form of the contract is, however, perhaps, not very important for the matter in hand, as most scholars seem agreed that it resembled a mortgage, the breach of whose condition involved not only the loss of the pledge, but the personal liberty of the debtor. See Gaius, iv. 21.
3
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., ii. 599. But compare Aulus Gellius, xx. 1.
4
Ibid., i. 582.
5
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 583.
6
History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 472.
7
Livy, xlv. 18.
8
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 583.
9
Ibid., ii. 603.
10
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 574.
11
Preface to Virginia.
12
History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 484.
13
See History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 298–9.
14
See History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., iii. 22, 30.
15
Preface to Virginia, Macaulay.
16
Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 38.
17
Suet. Aug., ii. 41.
18
Tacitus, Ann., ii. 48.
19
Ann., vi. 39.
20
Ibid., iv. 21.
21
Sat., iii. 164.
22
L’Invasion Germanique, Fustel de Coulanges, 146–157.
23
Diod. xxxiv. 38. On the subject of the Sicilian slavery, see Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 300 et seq.
24
Polybius, ii. 15, Shuckburgh’s trans.
25
Provinces of the Roman Empire, Mommsen, ii. 233.
26
Ibid., ii. 239.
27
Deipnosophists, v. 37.
28
Martial, Ep., xii. 76.
29
Vopiscus, Aurelianus, 35.
30
L’Invasion Germanique, Fustel de Coulanges, 190.
31
Le Colonat Romain: Recherches sur quelques Problèmes d’Histoire, Fustel de Coulanges, 143.
32
Organisation Financière chez les Romains, Marquardt, 65 et seq.
33
Tacitus, Ann., Murphy’s trans., iii. 53.
34
Nat. Hist., xii. 18.
35
Vopiscus, Saturninus, 8.
36
Provinces of the Roman Empire, Mommsen, ii. 140.
37
Ann., vi. 16, 17.
38
See Geschichte des Römischen Münzwesens, Mommsen, 756.
39
Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 51, 52.
40
Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 50.
41
Geschichte des Römischen Münzwesens, Mommsen, 837.
42
Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 51, 52.
43
Pliny’s Letters, iii. 19.
44
Ibid., ix. 37.
45
Digest, xix. 2, 15, and xxxiii. 7, 20.
46
Letters, x. 24. On this whole subject see Le Colonat Romain: Recherches sur quelques Problèmes d’Histoire, Fustel de Coulanges, ch. i.
47
Code of Justinian, xi. 51, 1.
48
Le Colonat Romain, Fustel de Coulanges, 21.
49
Organisation Financière chez les Romains, Marquardt, 240; Les Manieurs d’Argent à Rome, Deloume, 377.
50
See Decline and Fall, ch. xvii.
51
In C. Verrem, IV. lxxxix.
52
Cicero’s Letters, Ad Att. vi. 2; also Ad Att. v. 21, and vi. 1.
53
Diod. xxxvi. 3. See also Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 42, 44.
54
Satire, viii. 89, 90.
55
Letters, viii. 24.
56
Dio Cassius, lxii. 2.
57
Nat. Hist., xiv., Proœmium.
58
Decline and Fall, ch. xvii.
59
Morals, Trans. of 1718, 4, 11.
60
Histoire de l’Esclavage, iii. 268.
61
Decline and Fall, ch. xii.
62
L’Invasion Germanique, 200, 204, 223.
63
Dio Cassius, lvi. 7.
64
Dio Cassius, lvi. 5–8.
65
Ann., iii. 25.
66
Ibid., xxviii. Latin literature is full of references to these famous laws. Tacitus, Pliny, Juvenal, and Martial constantly speak of them. There were also many commentaries on them by Roman jurists.
67
L’Organisation Militaire chez les Romains, Marquardt, 143.
68
Dio Cassius, lxxiv. 2.
69
Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 50.
70
History of the Byzantine Empire, Finlay, 9.
71
Vopiscus, Tacitus, 10.
72
Greece under the Romans, George Finlay, 214.
73
Byzantine Empire, Finlay, 256.
74
Byzantine Architecture, Texier, 24.
75
Decline and Fall, ch. lii.
76
Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, trans. from the Hebrew by Asher, 54.
77
Monnaies Byzantines, i. 26.
78
See treaty with Bohemund. Anna Comnena, xiii. 7.
79
L’Art Byzantin, Bayet, 16, 17.
80
Theb., iii. 661.
81
Decline and Fall, ch. xx.
82
Mark v. 28, 30.
83
Chronicles, ii. 124.
84
Anglican Schism, Sander, trans. by Lewis, 143.
85
A Relation, or rather a True Account of the Island of England, Camden Soc. 30.
86
Cal. x. No. 364. References to the calendar of State papers edited by Messrs. Brewer and Gairdner will be made by this word only.
87
Histoire du Sacrament de l’Eucharistie, Corblet, i. 474. See also on this subject Cæsarii Dialogus Miraculorum; De Corpore Christi.
88
Hist. Lit. de la France, xxii. 119.
89
Les Moines d’Occident, Montalembert, vi. 34.
90
Histoire de la Grande-Sauve, ii. 13.
91
Monasticon, v. 628, Ed. 1846.
92
Les Moines d’Occident, Montalembert, vi. 101.
93
Sacerdotal Celibacy, Lea, 129.
94
Annales Lauressenses, Perz, i. 188.
95
Recueil des Chartes de l’Abbaye de Cluny, Bruel, i. 124.
96
Bull. Clun., p. 2, col. 1. Also Manuel des Institutions Françaises, Luchaire, 93, 95, where the authorities are collected.
97
Annales Ecclesiastici, Baronius, year 1076.
98
Migne, cxlviii. 790.
99
Decline and Fall, ch. lx.
100
Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, v. 50.
101
Annales Ecclesiastici, Baronius, year 1095.
102
Les Familles d’Outre-Mer, ed. Rey, 3.
103
Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, viii. 108.
104
L’Art Arabe, 111 et seq.
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