The Political History of England – Vol XI

40

This is the date commonly given. The Annual Register, li. (1809), 239, gives the 22nd, while Perceval refers to the result of the duel in a letter dated the 20th (Colchester, Diary, ii., 209). It is clear, however, that Canning did not receive Castlereagh's challenge till the morning of the 20th (see his letter in Annual Register, loc. cit., 505, also his detailed statement to Camden, ibid., 525), and therefore the duel cannot have taken place till the 21st. Lord Folkestone in a letter dated the 21st refers to the duel as having been fought at "7 o'clock this morning" (Creevey Papers, i., 96).

41

For the whole crisis see Walpole, Life of Perceval, ii., 157-96, and for Sheridan's share in the transactions, Moore, Life of Sheridan, ii., 382-409.

42

Napier, Peninsular War (3rd edition), i., 123.

43

For Moore's campaign see Napier, Peninsular War, i., pp. xxi. – xxv., lvii. – lxxvi., 330-44, 431-542, and Oman, Peninsular War, i., 486-602; and compare Moore's Diary, edited by Maurice, ii., 272-398. Sir F. Maurice has not completely answered Professor Oman's criticisms.

44

Wellington, Dispatches, iv., 261-63 (March 7, 1809).

45

For the exact figures see Oman, Peninsular War, ii., 645-48.

46

Wellington, Dispatches, iv., 536 (July 29, 1809).

47

For Masséna's lines of march see T. J. Andrews in English Historical Review, xvi. (1901), 474-92.

48

The battle is picturesquely described by Napier, Peninsular War, iii., 536-66. See also ibid., pp. xxxv. – li.

49

Wellington, Supplementary Dispatches, vii., 318-19.

50

Napier, Peninsular War (first edition), v., 513.

51

Wellington, Dispatches, x., 473 (June 29, 1813).

52

Ibid., x., 519 (July 9, 1813).

53

See p. 105.

54

George, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, p. 33.

55

James, British Naval History, iv., 470-84.

56

See above, p. 58.

57

See Cambridge Modern History, vii., 336, 338.

58

For details of the naval warfare of this year see James, British Naval History, vi., 115-202.

59

Rose, Life of Napoleon I., ii., 372.

60

For the importance of this flight of the Emperor Francis see Rose, Life of Napoleon I., ii., 418, 425. The flight did not take place till after the advance on Paris was begun.

61

For the movements of June 15, 16, see Chesney, Waterloo Lectures, pp. 70-137; Ropes, The Campaign of Waterloo, pp. 44-196.

62

Rose, Life of Napoleon I., ii., 494, 495.

63

Oman in English Historical Review, xix., 693, and xxi., 132.

64

For details of the riots see Annual Register, lviii. (1816), 60-73. They were particularly numerous in May, 1816, and in the counties of Cambridge, Essex, and Suffolk. At Littleport in Cambridgeshire, on May 24, it was found necessary to fire on the rioters. Two men were killed and five were afterwards executed.

65

Greville, Memoirs, i., 2; Walpole, History of England, i., 392, 393.

66

The curious may be interested in the following list of the names and ages of the persons who stood next in order of succession to the crown after the death of Princess Charlotte. It will be observed that of the fourteen who stood nearest the throne, not one was under forty years of age, and not one had a legitimate child: —

67

See, however, the Creevey Papers, i., 268-71, 284.

68

Lord Londonderry in Twiss, Life of Eldon, ii., 432.

69

Harriet Martineau, History of England During the Thirty Years' Peace, i., 274.

70

Letters to Copleston, p. 295.

71

Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times (edit. 1903), pp. 756-59. Compare Dicey, Law and Opinion in England, pp. 190-200.

72

The graphic description of this crisis in Harriet Martineau's History of the Thirty Years' Peace, i., 355-66, deserves to be studied and remembered as a masterpiece of social portraiture by a contemporary.

73

Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times, p. 823.

74

Walpole's History of England, vol. ii., p. 187.

75

Metternich, Memoirs, § 484, English translation, iii., 446.

76

Wellington, Despatches, etc., i., 343-48.

77

Wellington, Despatches, etc., i., 518-23. For a French account of the congress see Duvergier de Hauranne, Gouvernement Parlementaire en France, vii., 130-229.

78

Wellington, Despatches, etc., i., 650. Compare pp. 638, 653-57.

79

Stapleton, Life of Canning, ii., 18, 19.

80

Stapleton, Life of Canning, ii., chapters x., xi.

81

Stapleton, Life of Canning, ii., 26-33.

82

See J. W. Foster, A Century of American Diplomacy, pp. 442-50; Stapleton, George Canning and his Times, p. 375.

83

Wellington to Peel, January 9, 1828, in Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 27.

84

Lecky, History of Ireland, v., 358-60, n.; Stapleton, Life of Canning, ii., 131-34.

85

Eldon to Sir William Scott, Twiss, Life of Eldon, ii., 416. For Eldon's Speech, see Twiss, iii., 498-512.

86

Parker, Sir Robert Peel, i., 372-75.

87

Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 54-60.

88

Wellington to Curtis, December 11, 1828, Wellington, Despatches, etc., v., 326.

89

For the king's qualified assent see Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 82-85; Peel's Memoirs, i., 297, 298, 310.

90

See Peel's Memoirs, i., 3, for his unpopularity at Westbury.

91

Peel's Memoirs, i., 343-49; Greville, Memoirs, i., 189, 190, 201, 202.

92

See Maxwell, Life of Wellington, ii., 231-36, for the incident.

93

Stapleton, Life of Canning, iii., 220-25, 227-35.

94

See Lloyd, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, N.S., xviii. (1904), 77-105.

95

Wellington, Despatches, etc., iv., 270-79.

96

Ibid., pp. 280-86.

97

So S. Lane-Poole, writing from Church's papers, English Historical Review, v., 519.

98

Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty, p. 142.

99

Wellington, Despatches, etc., vi., 184.

100

See the letters in the Annual Register, lxxii. (1830), 389-401.

101

Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 160-62.

102

Arbuthnot to Peel, Nov. 1, 1830, Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 163-66.

103

Goldwin Smith, United Kingdom, ii., 320.

104

See Professor Dicey's observations on this clause, Law and Opinion in England, p. 54, n.

105

Wellington, Despatches, etc., viii., 206; Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 207.

106

Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 206.

107

Goldwin Smith, United Kingdom, ii., 354; Dicey, Law and Opinion in England, p. 85.

108

C. Creighton, History of Epidemics in Britain, ii., 768, 793-97, 860-62.

109

Greville, Memoirs (March 9, 1832), ii., 267.

110

The Croker Papers, ii., 198.

111

Mahon to Peel (Jan, 8, 1833), Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 209.

112

Jan. 3, 1833, Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 213.

113

Peel to Croker (Sept. 28, 1833), ibid., p. 224.

114

Russell, Recollections and Suggestions, p. 113.

115

Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 212-16.

116

Greville, Memoirs, ii., 364, 365.

117

If all the bishops present had not merely abstained, but actually voted in favour of the measure, it would have been carried by one vote.

118

Sir George Nicholls, History of the English Poor Law, vol. ii., see especially pp. 242, 243.

119

Peel to Goulburn (May 25, 1834), Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 244.

120

Hatherton, Memoir; Creevey, Memoirs, ii., 285-88.

121

See Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, viii., 446-57.

122

Compare Walpole, History of England, iii., 478.

123

Lord Melbourne's Papers, p. 220.

124

Ibid., pp. 222, 223.

125

Stockmar, Memoirs (English translation), i., 330.

126

Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 235.

127

Stanley to Peel (Dec. 11, 1834), Peel's Memoirs, ii., 39, 40.

128

Croker to Mrs. Croker, Croker Papers, ii., 219.

129

Peel, Memoirs, ii., 58-67.

130

The king to Peel (Feb. 22, 1835), Parker, Sir Robert Peel, ii., 287-89.

131

See Melbourne's letters to Brougham, Melbourne Papers, pp. 257-64.

132

The abuses in the Scottish municipalities had, however, been already removed by an act conferring the municipal franchise on £10 householders. Not the least important result of this act was the increased strength which it gave to the "evangelical" party in the general assembly of the Church of Scotland, which was partly elected by the municipalities.

133

Campbell, Lives of the Chancellors, viii., 470.

134

Campbell, Lives of the Chancellors, viii., 476.

135

Annual Register, lxxviii. (1836), p. 244

136

The debt was, according to the French practice, expressed in terms of the interest payable annually (rentes), not in terms of a nominal principal as in this country.

137

Finlay, History of Greece, vol. vii., chapters ii., iii.

138

Despatch of July 13, 1804, Selection from Wellesley's Despatches, ed. Owen, pp. 436-41. See Sir A. Lyall, British Dominion in India, p. 260.

139

Cornwallis to Lake, Sept. 19, 1805, Cornwallis Correspondence, iii., 547-55.

140

See p. 310 above.

141

The dates given are, as far as possible, those of the editions used by the authors of this volume.