Факт и вымысел в журналистике Марка Твена
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Примечания
1
Мендельсон М. О. Рассказы, очерки, публицистика (статья) // Собр. соч. Марка Твена. В 12 т. М.: Госуд. изд. худ. лит, 1959–1961. – Т.10. – 1960. С. 698.
2
Mark Twain Papers / Berkeley Library.University of California: [сайт]. URL:http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/libraries/bancroft-library/mark-twain-papers (дата обращения 07.04.2016)
3
Новиков А.М., Новиков Д.А.Методология. М.: Синтег, 2007. URL:http://www.mtas.ru/uploads/methodology.htm#_Toc162510419 (дата обращения 07. 04.2016).
4
Paine A. B. Mark Twain: A Biography, the personal and literary life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. New York.: Harper&Brothers, 1912.
5
DeVoto B. Mark Twain’s America, and Mark Twain at Work. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Comp., 1967.
6
Brooks V. W. The Ordeal of Mark Twain. New York.: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1920.
7
Connery T. B. A Sourcebook of American Literary Journalism: Representative Writers in an Emerging Genre. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.
8
Bellamy G. Mark Twain as a Literary Artist. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950.
9
Applegate E. Literary Journalism: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996.
10
Fishkin S. F. From fact to fiction: Journalism and imaginative writing in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press edition, 1985.
11
Budd L. Cady E. On Mark Twain. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987; The Mark Twain encyclopedia / Ed. J. R. LeMaster, J. D. Wilson; editorial and research assistant C. G. Hamric. New York, London: Garland Publishing, 1993; Rasmussen R. K. Critical to Mark Twain: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts on file, 2007.
12
Powers R. Mark Twain. A life. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Free press, 2005.
13
Здесь и далее перевод автора диссертационной работы, если не указано иное. Underwood D. The Undeclared War between Journalism and Fiction: Journalists as Genre Benders in Literary History. New York.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. P. 15.
14
Мендельсон М. О. Марк Твен. М.: Молодая гвардия, 1964: [сайт]. URL: http://www.rulit.net/books/mark-tven-read-258724-1.html (дата обращения 07.04.2016).
15
Боброва М. Н. Марк Твен. Очерк творчества. М.: Гос. изд. худ. лит., 1962.
16
Ромм А. С. Марк Твен. М.: Наука, 1977.
17
Зверев А. М. Мир Марка Твена. Очерк жизни и творчества. М.: Дет. лит., 1985.
18
Зверев А. М. Философская проза Марка Твена // Предисловие к «Таинственному незнакомцу». М.:Политиздат, 1989. URL: http://lib.ru/INPROZ/MARKTWAIN/proza.txt (последняя дата обращения 07.04.2016)
19
Марк Твен и его роль в развитии американской реалистической литературы / Отв. ред. Я. Н. Засурский. М.: Наука, 1987.
20
Балдицын П. В. Творчество Марка Твена и национальный характер американской литературы. М.: Изд. «ВК», 2004.
21
Гиленсон Б. А. Марк Твен: судьба «короля смеха»: монография. – М.: ИНФРА-М, 2016.
22
Журбина Е. И. Теория и практика художественно-публицистических жанров. – М.: Мысль, 1969; Тертычный А. А. Жанры периодической печати. – М.: Аспект Пресс, 2000; Основы творческой деятельности журналиста / Ред. – сост. С. Г. Корконосенко. СПб.: Знание, СПбИВЭСЭП, 2000; Власова Е. Г. Основы творческой деятельности журналиста: художественно-публицистические жанры. Пермь: Ред. – изд. отд. Перм. гос. ун-та, 2010.
23
California digital newspaper collection. A Freely Accessible Repository of Digitized California Newspapers from 1846 to the Present: [сайт]. URL: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgibin/cdnc?a=cl&cl=CL1&e=–en-20-1-txt-txIN–1
Мы обращаемся к номеру от 30 декабря 1869 года.
24
«For several years, Hart entertained readers by printing the lies supposedly told by the fictitious club members. Hart’s stories were reprinted throughout the country and in Germany». Literary Nevada. Writing from the silver state / Ed. by Cheryll Glotfelty.Reno & Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 2008. P. 139.
25
Власова Е. Г. Основы творческой деятельности журналиста: художественно-публицистические жанры: учеб. пособие. Пермь: Ред. – изд. отд. Перм. гос. ун-та, 2010. С.8.
26
Dennis E. Rivers W. Other Voices: The New Journalism in America. San Francisco: Canfield press, 1974; Flippen C. Liberating the Media: The New Journalism. Washington: Acropolis books, 1974; Hollowell J. Fact and Fiction: The New Journalism and the Nonfiction Novel. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977; Weber R. The Literature of Fact: Literary Nonfiction in American Writing. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1980; Fishkin S. From fact to fiction: Journalism and imaginative writing in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press edition, 1985; Connery T. A Sourcebook of American Literary Journalism: Representative Writers in an Emerging Genre. New York.: Greenwood Press, 1992: Applegate E. Literary Journalism: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996.
27
«…Literary journalism can briefly be defined as nonfiction printed prose whose verifiable content is shaped and transformed into a story or sketch by use of narrative and rhetorical techniques generally associated with fiction». Connery B. Thomas. Preface / A Sourcebook of American Literary Journalism: Representative Writers in an Emerging Genre. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992. P.XIV.
28
Ibid.
29
«Finding the article too severe for the magazines, Twain gave it to the Congo Reform Association, who printed it as a pamphlet in 1905». Leavell F. Belgian Congo // The Routledge Encyclopedia of Mark Twain / Ed. By J. R. LeMaster, J. D. Wilson. New York: Routledge, 2011. P. 68.
30
Балдицын П. В. Политический памфлет Марка Твена // Марк Твен и его роль в развитии американской реалистической литературы / Отв. ред. Я. Н. Засурский. М.: Наука, 1987. С. 90.
31
«The feuilleton enjoyed an ambiguous status at best». Brake L. Demoor M. Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. London: Academia press and the British library, 2009.P. 217.
32
«The term increasingly came to be used loosely in Britain to describe a literary squib Feuilleton was frequently disparaged by the serious press for its superficiality». Ibid.
33
Старцев А. И. Марк Твен и Америка / Предисловие к I тому Собр. соч. Марка Твена в 8 томах. М.: Правда, 1980. С. 2.
34
Мендельсон М. О. Рассказы, очерки, публицистика (статья) / Собр. соч. Марка Твена: в 12 т. М.: Госуд. изд. худ. лит, 1959–1961. – Т.10. – 1960. С. 698.
35
Балдицын П. В. Творчество Марка Твена и национальный характер американской литературы. М.: Издательство «ВК», 2004. С.206.
36
«…the premier newspaper of the mining camps of Nevada and much of California». Nelson J. Mark Twain / Connery T. B. A Sourcebook of American Literary Journalism: Representative Writers in an Emerging Genre. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992. P. 42.
37
«The Territorial Enterprise was easily the liveliest, if not exactly the most reliable newspaper on the American continent». Powers R. Mark Twain. A life.New York, London, Toronto, Sydney.: Free press, 2005. P. 117.
38
Ibid.
39
«"Nonsense," replied Goodman. "We can furnish the people with news, but we can't supply them with sense. Only time can do that”». Paine A. B. Mark Twain: A biography, the personal and literary life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. New York, 1912. P. 231
40
«Mining town journalism». Oscar L. The life and times of the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise: being reminiscences of five distinguished Comstock journalists. Ashland: Lewis Osborne, 1971. P. 3.
41
«The push toward greater accuracy» and «the push toward greater extravagance and fabrication». Fishkin S. F. From fact to fiction: Journalism and imaginative writing in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press edition, 1985. P.56.
42
«… the largest circulation of any paper between Chicago and San Francisco». Ward G. Duncan D. Burns K. Mark Twain. An illustrated biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. P. 38.
43
Fishkin S. F. From fact to fiction: Journalism and imaginative writing in America. Baltimore.: Johns Hopkins University Press edition, 1985. P.57.
44
Rabe R. A. Inverted pyramid // Encyclopedia of American journalism / Ed. Vaughn S. L. Routhledge.: New York, London, 2008. P. 224.
45
Ромм А. С. Марк Твен. М.: Наука, 1977. С. 29.
46
«Our stock remarks» – «Board of education» – «Blown Down» – «At home» – «The School» – «Sad accident» – «Thrilling romance» – «Fire almost» – «Private party».
47
«Owing to the fact that our stock reporter attended a wedding last evening, our report of transactions in that branch of robbery and speculation is not quite as complete and satisfactory as usual this morning». Local Column. Territorial Enterprise (December 30–31, 1862) / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 176.
48
«Some few transactions have occurred in rings and lace veils, and at figures tall, graceful and charming». Ibid. Эта заметка Марка Твена во многом построена на игре слов. Английское выражение «at figures» означает как способность к математике, так и хорошо сложенную женщину.
49
«We mentioned yesterday that our Father which art in heaven. Quotations of lost reference, and now I lay me down to sleep». Ibid.
50
«Sam indulged his ennui by turning the column into a spoof of the genre». Powers R. Mark Twain. A life. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney.: Free press, 2005. P. 113.
51
«In accordance with a law passed at the late session of the legislature, a Board of Education is to be organized in each of the several counties. The Storey county Board will be composed of seven members, apportioned as follows: Four from Virginia, two from Gold Hill, and one from Flowery. The Chairman of the Board will be County School Superintendent. These officers will have power to issue bonds sufficient to defray the expenses of the schools, from the 1st of January until the 1st of November; to establish schools of all grades, engage and examine teachers, etc». Local Column. Territorial Enterprise (December 30–31, 1862) / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 176.
52
«At sunset yesterday, the wind commenced blowing after a fashion to which a typhoon is mere nonsense, and in a short time the face of heaven was obscured by vast clouds of dust all spangled over with lumber, and shingles, and dogs and things». Ibid.
53
«The tone of regional writing». Underwood D. Journalism and the Novel. Truth and fiction, 1700–2000. New York: Cambridge University press, 2008. P. 90.
54
«Thomas Moore's new frame house on the east side of C street, above the Court House, was blown down, and the fire-wall front of a one story brick building higher up the street was also thrown to the ground. The latter house was occupied as a store by Mr. Heldman, and owned by Mr. Felton».
55
«Twain would never have ascended to the status of literary celebrity without the tone of regional writing that he drew upon, and he might never have developed the confidence to stretch his creative talents if he hadn’t found his early efforts in journalism so enthusiastically greeted by his small-town newspaper audiences». Underwood D. Journalism and the Novel. Truth and fiction, 1700–2000. New York.: Cambridge University press, 2008. P. 5.
56
«The storm was very severe for a while, and we shall not be surprised to hear of further destruction having been caused by it. The damage resulting to Mr. Heldman's grocery store, amounts to $2,200».
57
«On our first page, to-day, will be found the opening chapters of a thrilling tale, entitled "An Act to amend and supplemental to an Act to provide for Assessing and Collecting County and Territorial Revenue." This admirable story was written especially for the columns of this paper by several distinguished authors. We have secured a few more productions of the same kind, at great expense, and we design publishing them in their regular order. Our readers will agree with us that it will redound considerably to their advantage to read and preserve these documents».
58
Ромм А. С. Марк Твен. М.: Наука, 1977. С. 42.
59
«The names of those killed in the affray are as follows: Charles Bulwinkle, from New York; William Moats, Geo. Adams and Elizabeth Adams, and three others whose names our informant had forgotten. The survivors were overtaken on the afternoon by a train numbering 111 wagons, which brought them through to Humboldt». Local Column. Territorial Enterprise (October 1, 1862) / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 390.
60
«Shortly after the sufferers by the fight recorded above had joined the large train, it was also fired into in the night by a party of Snake Indians, but the latter, finding themselves pretty warmly received, drew off without taking a scalp». Ibid.
61
Local Column. Territorial Enterprise (January 10, 1863) / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 185.
62
«A gentleman informed us yesterday that he thought the intention was to remove the partition, but he could not be positive about it». Ibid.
63
«We learn from gentlemen who were present at the trial to-day, that there were about thirty witnesses on the stand, and one of them a woman». Local Column. Territorial Enterprise (January 11–21, 1863). The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 401.
64
«…The art of writing half-truthful articles to entertain his audience of miners and roughnecks». Underwood D. Journalism and the Novel. Truth and fiction, 1700–2000. New York: Cambridge University press, 2008. P. 85.
65
«I found one wagon that was going on to California, and made some judicious inquiries of the proprietor. When I learned…that he… would not be in the city the next day to make trouble, I got ahead of the other papers, for I took down his list of names and added his party to the killed and wounded. Having more scope here, I put this wagon through an Indian fight that to this day has no parallel in history». Ward G. Duncan D. Burns K. Mark Twain. An illustrated biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. P. 38.
66
«On the Enterprise he disliked writing reports which demanded exact facts and figures; he hated “solid facts”». Bellamy G. Mark Twain as a Literary Artist.Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950. P.90.
67
«In the bottom of the incline the ledge is about ten feet wide, has a casing of blue clay, and is well defined; a great quantity of quartz has been taken from it, which looks exactly like third or fourth-class Ophir, but it won't pay to crush yet awhile, although choice specimens of it have assayed as high as ninety-two dollars to the ton». Local Column. Territorial Enterprise (April 3, 1863) / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 412.
68
«At the present writing we cannot say what the net proceeds of the ball will amount to, but they will doubtless reach quite a respectable figure – say $400». Twain M. Sanitary Ball / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 185.
69
«We do not care about dictating much in the matter so long as no one will be likely to pay us for it». The new Court House (Local Column Territorial Enterprise, January 10, 1863) / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 189.
70
«We have been suffering from the seven years' itch for many months. It is probably the most aggravating disease in the world. It is contagious. That man has commenced a career of suffering which is frightful to contemplate; there is no cure for the distemper». Local Column. Territorial Enterprise (January 8, 1863) / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 182.
71
«Sam offered the fictitious reporter’s “notes” <…> A week later, after his hat was filched at an Odd Fellows ball in Gold Hill, he announced menacingly in the column that he suffered from the seven years’ itch». Powers R. Mark Twain. A life. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Free press, 2005. P. 113.
72
«Mr. Wm. L. Card, of Silver City, has invented a sort of infernal machine, which is to turn quartz mills by electricity. It consists of wheels and things, and – however, we could not describe it without getting tangled. Mr. Card assures us that he can apply his invention to all the mills in Silver City». Local Column. Territorial Enterprise (April 19 – 30, 1863) / Ibid. P. 413.
73
«Sulphur Deposit», «Silver bars – how assayed».
74
Virginia City Territorial Enterprise 1862–1868. Digital archive: [сайт].URL: http://twainquotes.com/teindex.html (дата обращения 07.04.2016).
75
«A journalistic counterculture coalesced at the Enterprise and improvised a news literature-on-deadline that caught the emerging voice of a self-defined America». Powers R. Mark Twain. A life. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Free press, 2005. P. 113.
76
«Небылица – это, по сути, форма устного развлечения; аудитория ценит не столько буквальное значение баек, сколько художественные средства выразительности» (The tall tale is essentially an oral form of entertainment; the audience appreciates the imaginative invention rather than the literal meaning of the tales). Tall tale (Folk Tale) / Encyclopedia Britannica: [сайт]. URL: http://global.britannica.com/art/tall-tale
77
«After dark, he ventured forth with his nose swollen to the size of several junk bottles – a vast, inflammed and pulpy old snoot – to get advice about having it amputated». DeQuille D. Mark Twain takes a lesson in the manly art // The Washoe Giant in San Francisco / Ed. by F. Walker. San Francisco: George Fields, 1938. P. 52–53.
78
«American newspapers <…> contained low art and folksy humor, haphazard news items, and florid, sentiment-laden writing<…>». Underwood D. Journalism and the Novel. Truth and fiction, 1700–2000. New York: Cambridge University press, 2008. P. 85.
79
Ibid. P. 87.
80
«He hated to have to do with figures, measurements and solid facts, such as were called for in matters pertaining to mines and machinery». Nelson J. Mark Twain // A Sourcebook of American Literary Journalism: Representative Writers in an Emerging Genre / Ed. T. B. Connery. New York: Greenwood press, 1992.P. 44.
81
«Joe Goodman has assigned him to report stock quotations, earnings from some of the five hundred mines on the mountain, and public meetings in the town – the kind of rote work that drove Sam up the wall with boredom». Powers R. Mark Twain. A life.New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Free press, 2005. P.117.
82
«Entering the Spanish tunnel in A street, you grope along by candle light for two hundred and fifty feet – but you need not count your steps – keep on going until you come to a horse <…> You are now upon the confines of the ledge, and from this point several drifts branch out to different portions of the mine. Without stopping to admire these gloomy grottoes you descend a ladder and halt upon a landing where you are fenced in with an open-work labyrinth of timbers some eighteen inches square, extending in front of you and behind you, and far away above you and below you, until they are lost in darkness». Twain M. The Spanish mine / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979. P. 164.
83
«The face of the walls is of a dark blue color, sparkling with pyrites, or sulphurets, or something, and beautifully marbled with little crooked streaks of lightning as white as loaf sugar». Twain M. The Spanish [Mine] / The Works of Mark Twain; Early Tales & Sketches, Vol. 1 1851–1864. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1979.P. 167.
84
В оригинальном тексте использовано местоимение «мы» – таковы были стандарты журналистики.
85
«“A few inches of water deemed necessary. Every department of the Spanish mine is now in first class working order <….>». still remain in the lower gallery, but it interferes with nobody, and can be easily bailed out whenever it may be». Ibid.
86
«Intelligent people can understand, now, that about a hundred dollars a day may be saved in this way, without even taking into consideration the costly job of re-timbering every two or three years, which is rendered unnecessary by it – and by way of driving the proposition into heads like the Unreliable's, which is filled with oysters instead of brains, we will say that by building these walls, you are saved the time and labor of lowering heavy timbers 300 feet into the earth <…>». Ibid.
87
«The Unreliable of the Union went also – for the purpose of distorting the facts». Twain M. A big thing in Washoe city // Mack E. M. Mark Twain in Nevada. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947. P. 224.
88
«Next there are the specific political burlesque in which Mark Twain parodied legislative proceedings of the territorial legislature». Cox J. M. Mark Twain: The fate of humor. Columbia: University of Missouri press, 2002.P. 15.
89
[Cries, "Hannah! Hannah!" "Gentlemen, wait a moment!" "I call for the adoption of the report before we have any speaking!"] Twain M. The Bolters in Convention // Mark Twain of the Enterprise / Ed. By H. N. Smith. Berkley: Univ. of California press, 1957. P. 113.
90
«Mr. Gregory did this with much grace and dignity, albeit he affected to stammer and gasp, and hesitate, and look colicky, and miscall the names, and miscall them again by way of correcting himself, and grab desperately at invisible things in the air – all with a charming pretense of being scared». Twain M. A big thing in Washoe city … P. 224.