Confirmation Bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s own beliefs or hypotheses while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts it[261 - https://te-st.ru (https://te-st.ru/)https://te-st.ru/2019/11/29/why-is-artificial-intelligence-biased/ (https://te-st.ru/2019/11/29/why-is-artificial-intelligence-biased/)].
Conformant digital certificate (for the My Health Record system) is an electronic credential used to secure access in the My Health Record system[262 - Conformant digital certificate (for the My Health Record system) – Text: electronic. – www.digitalhealth.gov.au/ URL: www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) is a key EU funding instrument to promote growth, jobs and competitiveness through targeted infrastructure investment at European level. It supports the development of high performing, sustainable and efficiently interconnected trans-European networks in the fields of transport, energy and digital services[263 - Connecting Europe Facility – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/connecting-europe-facility (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/connecting-europe-facility) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Connectivity Endpoint are interfaces that provide connectivity[264 - Connectivity Endpoint – Text: electronic. – https://www.freewave.com (https://www.freewave.com/) URL: https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/ (https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Connectivity is the ability of a device or system to connect to other systems, applications, or programs via the internet. Connectivity is the backbone of all IoT solutions[265 - Connectivity – Text: electronic. – https://blog.pruftechnik.com (https://blog.pruftechnik.com/) URL: https://blog.pruftechnik.com/industry-4-0-iiot-glossary-of-terms/ (https://blog.pruftechnik.com/industry-4-0-iiot-glossary-of-terms/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Consent – any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed[266 - Consent – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/consent/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/consent/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Consistency check is a process of data cleaning that eliminates inappropriate responses to branched questions. For instance, one question might ask if the respondent attended church last week; a response of «no» should indicate that questions about church attendance should be coded as «inapplicable.» If those questions were coded any other way than «inapplicable,» this would be inconsistent with the skip patterns of the survey instrument[267 - Consistency check – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (http://www.umich.edu/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042 (https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042)#C].
Consolidated health informatics (CHI) initiative refers to a collaborative effort to create and adopt health informatics standards to be used by federal departments such as the department of health & human services and the department of veteran’s affairs[268 - Consolidated health informatics (chi) – Text: electronic. – https://www.techtarget.com (https://www.techtarget.com/) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions (https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Consortium is an association of research and production and marketing organizations headed by a leader organization created to achieve strategic goals and implement research and production projects and enter the markets. The consortium may include: higher education institutions, scientific organizations, developers of the component base and software, product manufacturers, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, development institutions and banks, consumers and other interested organizations.
Consumer artificial intelligence is specialized artificial intelligence programs embedded in consumer devices and processes.
Consumer Portal – the portal that is used by an individual who has set up access to their My Health Record online[269 - Consumer Portal – Text: electronic. – www.digitalhealth.gov.au (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/) URL: www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Consumer spending is the total money spent on final goods and services by individuals and households for personal use and enjoyment in an economy. Contemporary measures of consumer spending include all private purchases of durable goods, nondurable goods, and services. Consumer spending can be regarded as complementary to personal saving, investment spending, and production in an economy[270 - Consumer spending – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (http://www.investopedia.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumer-spending.asp (https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumer-spending.asp)].
Consumer-shared documents – documents that have been authored by an individual, authorized representative or full access nominated representative. These documents, such as personal health summary, are available to provider organizations and other representatives[271 - Consumer-shared documents – Text: electronic. – www.digitalhealth.gov.au/ (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/) URL: www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Contact center is a central point from which organizations manage all customer interactions across various channels. Their primary purpose is to offer customers efficient and effective technical support, customer service and sales assistance[272 - Contact center – Text: electronic. – www.techtarget.com (http://www.techtarget.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcustomerexperience/definition/contact-center (https://www.techtarget.com/searchcustomerexperience/definition/contact-center)].
Content industry is an umbrella term that encompasses companies owning and providing mass media and media metadata. This can include music and movies, text publications of any kind, ownership of standards, geographic data, and metadata about all and any of the above[273 - Content industry – Text: electronic. – https://en.wikipedia.org (https://en.wikipedia.org/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_industry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_industry)].
Context data includes manufacturing process information about quality, maintenance events, operational events, environmental conditions, and process performance. This information typically resides in external business applications[274 - Context data – Text: electronic. – https://www.trendminer.com (https://www.trendminer.com/) URL: https://www.trendminer.com/iiot-glossary/ (https://www.trendminer.com/iiot-glossary/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Continuity of care document (CCD) is an electronic document exchange standard for sharing patient summary information[275 - Continuity of care document (ccd) – Text: electronic. – https://www.techtarget.com (https://www.techtarget.com/) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions (https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions) (date of request 10.11.2022)].
Continuity of care record (CCR) is a standard for the creation of electronic summaries of patient health. Its aim is to improve the quality of health care and to reduce medical errors by making current information readily available to physicians[276 - Continuity of care record (ccr) – Text: electronic. – https://www.techtarget.com (https://www.techtarget.com/) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions (https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Contracted service provider (CSP) officer – the officer who acts as the liaison between a registered contracted service provider and the System Operator. There must be at least one CSP officer and there can be up to three at one time[277 - Contracted service provider (CSP) officer – Text: electronic. – www.digitalhealth.gov.au/ (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/) URL: www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Control Domain are functional domains for industrial control system implementations[278 - Control Domain – Text: electronic. – https://www.freewave.com (https://www.freewave.com/) URL: https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/ (https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Control is a means of managing a risk or ensuring that an objective is achieved. Controls can be preventative, detective, or corrective and can be fully automated, procedural, or technology-assisted human-initiated activites. They can include actions, devices, procedures, techniques, or other measures[279 - Control – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/control/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/control/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Conversion means the completion of a measured action on a web page. A successful conversion can involve subscribing to a newsletter, filling out a contact form or buying a product from an online store. Conversion rate optimization is used to improve the conversion rate, given as a percentage[280 - Conversion – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (http://www.sofokus.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#C (https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#C)].
Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO) refers to the editing of a web page with the aim of improving the conversion rate of the page. CRO is usually an inevitable form of business development for consumer online stores, since even the smallest enhancement in the conversion rate has a direct impact on sales[281 - Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO) – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (http://www.sofokus.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#C (https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#C)].
Convolution is the process of filtering. A filter (or equivalently: a kernel or a template) is shifted over an input image. The pixels of the output image are the summed product of the values in the filter pixels and the corresponding values in the underlying image[282 - Convolution – Text: electronic. – https://spec-zone.ru/ (https://spec-zone.ru/) URL: https://spec-zone.ru/RU/OSX/documentation/Performance/Conceptual/vImage/ConvolutionOperations/ConvolutionOperations.html (https://spec-zone.ru/RU/OSX/documentation/Performance/Conceptual/vImage/ConvolutionOperations/ConvolutionOperations.html) (date of request: 09.02.2022)].
Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of neural network that identifies and interprets images.
Cookie is a file or segment of data that identifies a unique user over time and across interactions with a website, sent by the web server through a browser, stored on a user’s hard drive, and sent back to the server each time the browser requests a web page[283 - Cookie a file – Text: electronic. – www.dictionary.com (http://www.dictionary.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cookie (https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cookie)].
Corelet programming environment is a scalable environment that allows programmers to set the functional behavior of a neural network by adjusting its parameters and communication characteristics.
Correlation analysis is a statistical data processing method that measures the strength of the relationship between two or more variables. Thus, it determines whether there is a connection between the phenomena and how strong the connection between these phenomena is.
Correlation is a statistical relationship between two or more random variables.
Cost-benefit analysis is a way of assessing the impact of a program or a measure by weighing the advantages (benefits) against the disadvantages (costs)[284 - Cost-benefit analysis – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cost-benefit-analysis/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cost-benefit-analysis/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Cost-effectiveness analysis – analysis that calculates and compares the costs and effects of two or more interventions, allowing to establish priorities among them[285 - Cost-effectiveness analysis – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cost-effectiveness-analysis/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cost-effectiveness-analysis/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Costs of Distance Education are the main cost variables such as technological infrastructure and educational processes that influence the achievement of the goals set by educational institutions providing distance education services[286 - Costs of Distance Education – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (http://www.igi-global.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/development-trends-in-economics-of-distance-education-from-the-perspective-of-new-technologies/39126 (https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/development-trends-in-economics-of-distance-education-from-the-perspective-of-new-technologies/39126)].
Counterparty – a party to a civil law contract to which the owner of information constituting a trade secret has transferred this information.
Critical information infrastructure is objects of critical information infrastructure, as well as telecommunication networks used to organize the interaction of such objects.
Critical information infrastructure objects – information systems and information and telecommunication networks of state bodies, as well as information systems, information and telecommunication networks and automated process control systems operating in the defense industry, in the field of healthcare, transport, communications, in the credit and financial sector, energy, fuel, nuclear, rocket and space, mining, metallurgical and chemical industries.
Critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation is a set of critical information infrastructure objects, as well as telecommunication networks used to organize the interaction of critical information infrastructure objects with each other.
Cross-border health care means health care provided or prescribed in a Member State other than the Member State of affiliation (i.e. Member State competent to give authorization to receive treatment outside the Member State of residence)[287 - Cross-border health care – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cross-border-health-care/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cross-border-health-care/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Cross-border information exchange means the process of sending and receiving information across legislative boundaries using interoperable systems in order to read and further process this information in a meaningful way[288 - Cross-border information exchange – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cross-border-information-exchange/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cross-border-information-exchange/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Cross-border transfer of personal data – transfer of personal data to the territory of a foreign state to the authority of a foreign state, a foreign individual or a foreign legal entity.
Cross-Cutting Concern impacts an entire system and may also affect multiple architectural viewpoints[289 - Cross-Cutting Concern – Text: electronic. – https://www.freewave.com (https://www.freewave.com/) URL: https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/ (https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Cross-Cutting Function is one that can be applied across multiple functional architectural domains to address cross-cutting concerns[290 - Cross-Cutting Function – Text: electronic. – https://www.freewave.com (https://www.freewave.com/) URL: https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary (https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Cross-sectional study in survey research is a study in which data from particular subjects are obtained only once. Contrast with longitudinal studies, in which a panel of individuals is interviewed repeatedly over a period of time. Note that questions in a cross-sectional study can apply to previous time periods[291 - Cross-sectional study – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (http://www.umich.edu/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#C (https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#C)].
Crowdfunding is a way of raising money to finance projects and businesses. It enables fundraisers to collect money from a large number of people via online platforms[292 - Crowdfunding – Text: electronic. – https://ec.europa.eu (https://ec.europa.eu/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/access-finance/guide-crowdfunding/what-crowdfunding/crowdfunding-explained_en (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/access-finance/guide-crowdfunding/what-crowdfunding/crowdfunding-explained_en)].
Crowdsourcing is the practice of getting ideas or help on a project from a large number of people, usually through the Internet[293 - Crowdsourcing – Text: electronic. – www.collinsdictionary.com (http://www.collinsdictionary.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/crowdsourcing (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/crowdsourcing)].
CRUD – Create, Read, Update, Delete. Used to describe access rights for data[294 - CRUD – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/crud/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/crud/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Cryogenic freezing (cryonics, human cryopreservation) is a technology of preserving in a state of deep cooling (using liquid nitrogen) the head or body of a person after his death with the intention to revive them in the future.
Cryptocurrency broadly defined, is virtual or digital money that takes the form of tokens or «coins.» Though some cryptocurrencies have ventured into the physical world with credit cards or other projects, the large majority remain entirely intangible[295 - Cryptocurrency – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (http://www.investopedia.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/ (https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/)].
Cryptocurrency exchange, or a digital currency exchange (DCE) is a business that allows customers to trade cryptocurrencies or digital currencies for other assets, such as conventional fiat money or other digital currencies. Exchanges may accept credit card payments, wire transfers or other forms of payment in exchange for digital currencies or cryptocurrencies. A cryptocurrency exchange can be a market maker that typically takes the bid—ask spreads as a transaction commission for is service or, as a matching platform, simply charges fees[296 - Cryptocurrency exchange – Text: electronic. – https://en.wikipedia.org (https://en.wikipedia.org/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_exchange (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_exchange)].
Cryptography – the mathematical science that deals with transforming data to render its meaning unintelligible (i.e., to hide its semantic content), prevent its undetected alteration, or prevent its unauthorized use. If the transformation is reversible, cryptography also deals with restoring encrypted data to intelligible form. Also, Cryptography exemplifies the means, principles, and mechanisms for data transformation to hide information to prevent its undetected modification or unauthorized use[297 - Cryptography – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cryptography (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/cryptography) (date of request: 10.11.2022)],[298 - Cryptography – Text: electronic. – https://www.freewave.com (https://www.freewave.com/) URL: https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/ (https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Current procedural terminology (CPT) code are a uniform medical code set maintained and copyrighted by the American medical association and used to describe medical, surgical and diagnostic services[299 - Current procedural terminology (cpt) – Text: electronic. – https://www.techtarget.com (https://www.techtarget.com/) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions (https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
