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USA emissions from EIA, “US Carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption (from 1973),” EIA, accessed February 1, 2020, https://www.eia.gov/environment/data.php. UK emissions from UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, “National Statistics: Provisional UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions National Statistics 2018,” UK government website, March 28, 2019, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/provisional-uk-greenhouse-gas-emis sions-national-statistics-2018.

125

Justin Ritchie (@jritch), “With this in mind, it is fair to say that the global energy system today, as modeled by IEA, is tracking much closer to 2˚ of warming this century than previously thought. Thread: 5/11,” Twitter, November 18, 2019, 9:37 a.m., https://twitter.com/jritch/status /1196482584710004736.

126

Leonardo DiCaprio (@leonardodicaprio), “#Regram #RG @rainforest alliance: The lungs of the Earth are in flames…,” Instagram photo, August 22, 2019, https://www.instagram.com/p/B1eBsWDlfF1/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet. Cristiano Ronaldo (@cristiano), “The Amazon Rainforest produces more than 20 % of the world’s oxygen and its been burning for the past 3 weeks. It’s our responsibility to help to save our planet. #prayforamazonia,” Twitter, August 22, 2019, https://twitter.com/Cristiano/status/1164588606436106240?s=20. Journalists, too, described the Amazon as the lungs of the world. “The Amazon remains a net source of oxygen today,” said a journalist on CNN. Susan Scutti, “Here’s What We Know About the Fires in the Amazon Rainforest,” CNN, August 24, 2019, https://www.cnn.com.

127

Alexandria Symonds, “Amazon Rainforest Fires: Here’s What’s Really Happening,” New York Times, August 23, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.

128

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130

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131

Emmanuel Macron, “Our house is burning. Literally. The Amazon rainforest – the lungs which produces 20 % of our planet’s oxygen – is on fire. It is an international crisis. Members of the G7 Summit, let’s discuss this emergency first order in two days! #ActForTheAmazon,” Twitter, August 22, 2019, 12:15 p.m., https://twitter.com/emmanuelmacron/status/1164617008962527232.

132

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133

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137

Yadvinder Malhi, “Does the Amazon Provide 20 % of Our Oxygen?” August 24, 2019, http://www.yadvindermalhi.org/blog/does-the-amazon-provide-20-of-our-oxygen.

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139

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Niraj Chokshi, “As Amazon Fires Spread, So Do the Misleading Photos,” New York Times, August 23, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.

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145

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146

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147

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148

Germany’s per capita carbon emissions in 2018 were 10.0 tons per capita as 82.8 million Germans emitted 830 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Brazil’s 211 million people emitted 2000 million tons of CO2 in 2018 including from Amazon deforestation and fires, a rate of 9.5 tonnes per capita. German emission data: German Federal Environmental Agency, “Indicator: Greenhouse gas emissions,” Umwelt Bundesamt, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/indicator-greenhouse-gas-emissions. Brazil carbon emission data: “Total Emissions,” SEEG Brazil, accessed February 2, 2020, http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/total_emission.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO, “FAOSTAT Statistical Database,” FAOSTAT, accessed January 15, 2020, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. Between 1995 and 2015, forested area in Europe increased by over 17 million hectares. Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Denmark are a combined 15.6 million hectares.

151

Alex Gray, “Sweden’s forests have doubled in size over the last 100 years,” World Economic Forum, December 13, 2018, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/swedens-forests-have-been-growing-for-100-years.

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Jon Lloyd and Graham D. Farquhar, “Effects of Rising Temperatures and Carbon Dioxide on the Physiology of Tropical Forest Trees,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 363, no. 1498 (February 2008): 1811–1817, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0032.

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Alex Gray, “Sweden’s Forests Have Doubled in Size over the Last 100 Years,” World Economic Forum, December 13, 2018, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/swedens-forests-have-been-growing-for-100-years.

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A major study of 111 nations found a negative relationship between temperature and labor productivity that was statistically significant. In fact, researchers found that a nation’s temperature level is the second-most contributing factor to explaining labor productivity overall. The greatest contributing factor was simply already being a highly developed nation. Kemal Yildirim, Cuneyt Koyuncu, and Julide Koyuncu, “Does Temperature Affect Labor Productivity: Cross-Country Evidence,” Applied Econometrics and International Development 9, no. 1 (2009): 29–38, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cuneyt_Koyuncu/publication/227410116_Does_Temperature_Affect_Labor_Productivity_Cross-Country_Evidence/links/0a85e53467d19369e8000000/Does-Temperature-Affect-Labor-Productivity-Cross-Country-Evidence.pdf.

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164

Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, Ibid., 21–23.

165

Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, Ibid., 19.

166

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167

Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, Ibid., 24–26.

168

Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, Ibid., 25-29.

169

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171

Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, 146.

172

Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1500–1800 (Oxford University Press, 1983), 192. Animals in England, writes a historian, “had been divided into the wild, to be tamed or eliminated, the domestic, to be exploited for useful purposes, and the pet, to be cherished for emotional satisfaction.”

173

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182

Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”

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Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”

184

Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”

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188

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189

Dave Keating, “Macron’s Mercosur Veto – Are Amazon Fires Being Used as a Smokescreen for Protectionism?” Forbes, August 23, 2019, https://www.forbes.com.

190

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Dave Keating, “Macron’s Mercosur Veto – Are Amazon Fires Being Used as a Smokescreen for Protectionism?” Forbes, August 23, 2019, https://www.forbes.com.

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193

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194

“The analyses show that in agriculturally consolidated areas (mainly southern and southeastern Brazil), land-use intensification (both on cropland and pastures) coincided with either contraction of both cropland and pasture areas, or cropland expansion at the expense of pastures, both cases resulting in farmland stability or contraction. In contrast, in agricultural frontier areas (i.e., the deforestation zones in central and northern Brazil), land-use intensification coincided with expansion of agricultural lands. These observations provide support for the thesis that (i) technological improvements create incentives for expansion in agricultural frontier areas; and (ii) farmers are likely to reduce their managed acreage only if land becomes a scarce resource. The spatially explicit examination of land-use transitions since 1960 reveals an expansion and gradual movement of the agricultural frontier toward the interior (center-western Cerrado) of Brazil.” Barretto et al., “Agricultural Intensification in Brazil and Its Effects on Land-Use Patterns: An Analysis of the 1975–2006 Period.”

195

Bernardo B. N. Strassburg, Agnieszka E. Lataweic, Luis G. Barioni et al., “When Enough Should Be Enough: Improving the Use of Current Agricultural Lands Could Meet Production Demands and Spare Natural Habitats in Brazil,” Global Environmental Change 28 (September 2014): 84–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.001.

196

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197

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198

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199

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200

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201

Christine Figgener, “Sea Turtle with Straw up Its Nostril–‘NO’ TO PLASTIC STRAWS,” YouTube, August 10, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wH878t78bw.

202

Michael A. Lindenberger, “How a Texas A&M Scientist’s Video of a Sea Turtle Soured Americans on Drinking Straws,” Dallas Morning News, July 19, 2018, https://www.dallasnews.com.

203

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204

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205

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206

Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.

207

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208

Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019/.

209

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210

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211

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212

Seth Borenstein, “Science Says: Amount of Straws, Plastic Pollution Is Huge,” Associated Press, April 21, 2018, https://apnews.com.

213

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214

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215

Seth Borenstein, “Science Says: Amount of Straws, Plastic Pollution Is Huge.”

216

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217

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218

Susan Freinkel, Plastics: A Toxic Love Story (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 7–8.

219

Roland Geyer, Jenna R. Jambeck, and Kara Lavender Law, “Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made,” Science Advances 3, no. 7 (July 19, 2017): e1700782, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782.

220

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