Authentication – process of reliably identifying security subjects by securely associating an identifier and authenticator[99 - Authentication – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/authentication/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/authentication/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Authoring organisation – the healthcare provider organisation that created the content of a document[100 - Authoring organisation – Text: electronic. – www.digitalhealth.gov.au/ (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/) URL: www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Authorization – permission to perform certain operations or use certain methods or services[101 - Authorisation – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/authorisation/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/authorisation/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Authorization link is a link that connects a healthcare provider to a healthcare provider organisation so the healthcare provider can access the My Health Record system via the National Provider Portal on behalf of their organisation[102 - Authorisation link – Text: electronic. – www.digitalhealth.gov.au/ (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/) URL: www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Authorized employee – an employee of a registered healthcare provider organisation who has been authorized by the organisation to use the My Health Record system and access an individual’s My Health Record on behalf of the organisation[103 - Authorized employee – Text: electronic. – www.digitalhealth.gov.au/ (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/) URL: www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Authorized representative – someone who can apply for and manage a My Health Record on behalf of another person. For the purposes of the My Health Record system someone can be an authorized representative if they: Have parental responsibility for a person under 14; or Have legal authority to act on behalf of a person who is at least 14 and who is not capable of making his or her own decisions. If there is no one with parental responsibility or legal authority, a person who is otherwise appropriate to act on behalf of the individual can be an authorized representative. An individual can have more than one authorized representative[104 - Authorized representative – Text: electronic. – www.digitalhealth.gov.au/ (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/) URL: www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary (http://www.digitalhealth.gov.au/support/glossary) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Auto Associative Memory is a single layer neural network in which the input training vector and the output target vectors are the same. The weights are determined so that the network stores a set of patterns. As shown in the following figure, the architecture of Auto Associative memory network has «n’ number of input training vectors and similar «n’ number of output target vectors[105 - Auto Associative Memory – Text: electronic. – www.tutorialspoint.com (http://www.tutorialspoint.com/) URL: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_neural_network/artificial_neural_network_associate_memory.htm#:~:text=These%20kinds%20of%20neural%20networks,with%20the%20given%20input%20pattern (https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_neural_network/artificial_neural_network_associate_memory.htm#:~:text=These%20kinds%20of%20neural%20networks,with%20the%20given%20input%20pattern). (date of request: 07.07.2022)].
Autoclave is a strong heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g., steam cleaning and sterilization[106 - Autoclave – Text: electronic. – https://www.trendminer.com (https://www.trendminer.com/) URL: https://www.trendminer.com/iiot-glossary/ (https://www.trendminer.com/iiot-glossary/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. It is a theory in theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics (a subject of study in both mathematics and computer science). Automata theory (part of the theory of computation) is a theoretical branch of Computer Science and Mathematics, which mainly deals with the logic of computation with respect to simple machines, referred to as automata[107 - Automata theory – Text: electronic. – https://vvsu.ru (https://vvsu.ru/) URL: https://www.vvsu.ru/files/529128A0-237E-434E-8B31-4553FB108EF2.ppt (https://www.vvsu.ru/files/529128A0-237E-434E-8B31-4553FB108EF2.ppt) (date of request: 28.01.2022)],[108 - Automata theory – Text: electronic. – www.geeksforgeeks.org (http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/) URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-theory-of-computation/ (https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-theory-of-computation/) (date of request: 07.07.2022)].
Automated control system is a set of software and hardware designed to control technological and (or) production equipment (executive devices) and the processes they produce, as well as to control such equipment and processes.
Automated is a machine that has been preprogrammed for a task, such as automated work order creation. While automated processes do not require outside control to complete the tasks for which they are programmed, automated processes do not have the ability to respond independently[109 - Automated – Text: electronic. – https://blog.pruftechnik.com (https://blog.pruftechnik.com/) URL: https://blog.pruftechnik.com/industry-4-0-iiot-glossary-of-terms/ (https://blog.pruftechnik.com/industry-4-0-iiot-glossary-of-terms/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Automated processing of personal data – processing of personal data using computer technology.
Automated system is an organizational and technical system that guarantees the development of solutions based on the automation of information processes in various fields of activity.
Automation is a technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human intervention.
Autonomic computing is the ability of a system to adaptively self-manage its own resources for high-level computing functions without user input.
Autonomous artificial intelligence is a biologically inspired system that tries to reproduce the structure of the brain, the principles of its operation with all the properties that follow from this.
Autonomous refers to a machine that 1) has the ability to self-govern or undertake actions without external control and 2) can respond independently to new information. One example is autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), which navigate without an operator, intelligently choosing the best path and avoiding obstacles[110 - Autonomous – Text: electronic. – https://blog.pruftechnik.com (https://blog.pruftechnik.com/) URL: https://blog.pruftechnik.com/industry-4-0-iiot-glossary-of-terms/ (https://blog.pruftechnik.com/industry-4-0-iiot-glossary-of-terms/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Autonomous vehicle is a mode of transport based on an autonomous driving system. The control of an autonomous vehicle is fully automated and carried out without a driver using optical sensors, radar and computer algorithms.
Autonomy is an intelligent system’s ability to independently create and select different courses of action to achieve goals based on the system’s understanding and knowledge of the world and other factors[111 - Autonomy – Text: electronic. – https://www.freewave.com (https://www.freewave.com/) URL: https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/ (https://www.freewave.com/freewaves-industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-glossary/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Auxiliary intelligence – systems based on artificial intelligence that complement human decisions and are able to learn in the process of interacting with people and the environment.
Ayasdi is an enterprise scale machine intelligence platform that delivers the automation that is needed to gain competitive advantage from the company’s big and complex data. Ayasdi supports large numbers of business analysts, data scientists, end users, developers and operational systems across the organization, simultaneously creating, validating, using and deploying sophisticated analyses and mathematical models at scale.
«B»
B2B E-commerce refers to an online store for businesses. Normally, B2B (business-to-business) e-commerce is understood as an ordering system. The difference to a B2C online store targeting consumers is, for example, the requirement to identify the buyer through registering and the need to provide different billing options (such as invoicing)[112 - B2B E-commerce – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (http://www.sofokus.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD (https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD)].
B2C (business-to-consumer) E-commerce is a form of online commerce colloquially known as online shopping. B2C e-commerce refers to an online service that provides consumers with goods to purchase[113 - B2C E-commerce – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (http://www.sofokus.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD (https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD)].
B2D (business-to-developer) marketing is an operational model that aims to engage software developers directly and by doing so affect customer acquisition. B2D marketing is a method of the platform economy which typically provides APIs in as developer-friendly form as possible to enable their proactive deployment[114 - B2D marketing – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (http://www.sofokus.com/) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD (https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD) (date of request: 07.07.2022)].
B2D marketing is an operational model that aims to engage software developers directly and by doing so affect customer acquisition. B2D marketing is a method of the platform economy which typically provides APIs in as developer-friendly form as possible to enable their proactive deployment[115 - B2D marketing – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (http://www.sofokus.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD (https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD)].
Backhaul refers to the process of reporting event information from tagged assets related to things like movement, temperature, distress and so forth[116 - Backhaul – Text: electronic. – https://www.link-labs.com (https://www.link-labs.com/) URL: https://www.link-labs.com/top-iot-terms-you-need-to-know#backhaul (https://www.link-labs.com/top-iot-terms-you-need-to-know#backhaul) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Baldwin effect is the skills acquired by organisms during their life as a result of learning, after a certain number of generations, are recorded in the genome.
Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and depending on context, may specifically refer to passband bandwidth or baseband bandwidth. Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. Baseband bandwidth applies to a low-pass filter or baseband signal; the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency. Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy and is one of the determinants of the capacity of a given communication channel. A key characteristic of bandwidth is that any band of a given width can carry the same amount of information, regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum. Also, Bandwidth refers to the data throughput capacity of any communication channel. As bandwidth increases, more information per unit of time can pass through the channel[117 - Bandwidth – Text: electronic. – https://en.wikipedia.org (https://en.wikipedia.org/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing))],[118 - Bandwidth – Text: electronic. – http://math.gsu.by (http://math.gsu.by/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: http://math.gsu.by/wp-content/uploads/courses/networks/r2.1.html (http://math.gsu.by/wp-content/uploads/courses/networks/r2.1.html)],[119 - Bandwidth – Text: electronic. – www.encyclopedia.com (http://www.encyclopedia.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/astronomy-and-space-exploration/astronomy-general/bandwidth (https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/astronomy-and-space-exploration/astronomy-general/bandwidth)].
Bar coded medication administration (BCMA) is a hospital inventory control system that uses barcodes in the distribution of prescription medications with the goal of ensuring the patient is receiving the correct medication[120 - Bar coded medication administration (bcma) – Text: electronic. – https://www.techtarget.com (https://www.techtarget.com/) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions (https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Bayesian classifier in machine learning is a family of simple probabilistic classifiers based on the use of the Bayes theorem and the «naive» assumption of the independence of the features of the objects being classified[121 - Байесовский классификатор в машинном обучении – Text: electronic. – https://wiki.loginom.ru (https://wiki.loginom.ru/) URL: https://wiki.loginom.ru/articles/bayesian_classifier.html (https://wiki.loginom.ru/articles/bayesian_classifier.html) (date of request: 07.07.2022)].
Belief-desire-intention software model (BDI) is a software model developed for programming intelligent agents. Superficially characterized by the implementation of an agent’s beliefs, desires and intentions, it actually uses these concepts to solve a particular problem in agent programming. In essence, it provides a mechanism for separating the activity of selecting a plan (from a plan library or an external planner application) from the execution of currently active plans. Consequently, BDI agents are able to balance the time spent on deliberating about plans (choosing what to do) and executing those plans (doing it). A third activity, creating the plans in the first place (planning), is not within the scope of the model, and is left to the system designer and programmer[122 - Belief-desire-intention software model (BDI) – Text: electronic. – https://fccland.ru (https://fccland.ru/) URL: https://fccland.ru/stati/22848-model-ubezhdeniy-zhelaniy-i-namereniy.html (https://fccland.ru/stati/22848-model-ubezhdeniy-zhelaniy-i-namereniy.html) (date of request: 31.01.2022)].
Benchmarking is a set of techniques that allow you to study the experience of competitors and implement best practices in your company.
Beta release is a term that refers to a phase in online service development in which the service is coming together functionality-wise but genuine user experiences are required before the service can be finished in a user-centered way. In online service development, the aim of the beta phase is to recognize both programming issues and usability-enhancing procedures. The beta phase is particularly often used in connection with online services and it can be either freely available (open beta) or restricted to a specific target group (closed beta)[123 - BETA – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (http://www.sofokus.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD (https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD)].
Bias is a systematic trend that causes differences between results and facts. Error exists in the numbers of the data analysis process, including the source of the data, the estimate chosen, and how the data is analyzed. Error can seriously affect the results, for example, when studying people’s shopping habits. If the sample size is not large enough, the results may not reflect the buying habits of all people. That is, there may be discrepancies between survey results and actual results.
Biased algorithm is systematic and repetitive errors in a computer system that lead to unfair results, such as one privilege persecuting groups of users over others. Also, sexist and racist algorithms.
Big Data analytics. As our world becomes digitized, vast quantities of data are generated and stored. This data holds hidden secrets that promise to revolutionize our understanding of the human condition. We need Big Data analytics to extract these insights[124 - Big data analytics – Text: electronic. – https://kbmax.com URL: https://kbmax.com/blog/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-definitions-and-technologies (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Big Data is a term for sets of digital data whose large size, rate of increase or complexity requires significant computing power for processing and special software tools for analysis and presentation in the form of human-perceptible results. Also, Big Data refers to the collection, storage, sharing, searching, analyzing and presenting of enormous, unorganized and continuously growing masses of data with the help of statistics and information technology. As the Internet of Things and the Industrial Internet continue to spread, there is believed to be a growing demand for Big Data -related expertise. Big Data is a large amount of information about an organization (both structured and unstructured) that cannot be analyzed using traditional computing methods. Big Data in health refers to large routinely or automatically collected datasets which are electronically captured and stored. The data is reusable in the sense that it is multipurpose data. It involves the fusion and connection of existing databases for the purpose of improving health and health system performance. It does not refer to data collected for a specific study. Also, Big Data is data sets that are too large to be handled manually. Big Data must be analyzed by a computer, revealing patterns, associations between groups, or overall trends. Big Data also comes into systems in increasingly greater complexity, variety, volume, and velocity – and exponential increase over time[125 - BIG DATA – Text: electronic. – www.sofokus.com (http://www.sofokus.com/) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD (https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD) (date of request: 07.07.2022)],[126 - BIG DATA – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (http://www.igi-global.com/) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/data-driven-simulation-based-analytics/39628 (https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/data-driven-simulation-based-analytics/39628) (date of request: 07.07.2022)],[127 - Big data – Text: electronic. – https://digitalhealtheurope.eu (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/) URL: https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/big-data/ (https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/glossary/big-data/) (date of request: 10.11.2022)],[128 - Big Data – Text: electronic. – https://blog.pruftechnik.com (https://blog.pruftechnik.com/) URL: https://blog.pruftechnik.com/industry-4-0-iiot-glossary-of-terms/ (https://blog.pruftechnik.com/industry-4-0-iiot-glossary-of-terms/) (date of request: 25.02.2023)].
Binance Coin (BNB) is a utility cryptocurrency that operates as a payment method for the fees associated with trading on the Binance Exchange. It is the third-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization.10 Those who use the token as a means of payment for the exchange can trade at a discount. Binance Coin’s blockchain is also the platform on which Binance’s decentralized exchange operates. The Binance Exchange was founded by Changpeng Zhao and is one of the most widely used exchanges in the world based on trading volumes[129 - Binance Coin (BNB) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (http://www.investopedia.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/binance-coin-bnb.asp (https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/binance-coin-bnb.asp)].
Binance USD (BUSD) was created by the cryptocurrency exchange Binance as a stablecoin pegged to the U.S. dollar. The stablecoin was approved by the New York State Department of Financial Services; thus, it is also regulated[130 - Binance USD (BUSD) – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (http://www.investopedia.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/ (https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/)].
Binary choice regression model is a regression model in which the dependent variable is dichotomous or binary. Dependent variable can take only two values and mean, for example, belonging to a particular group.
Binary format is any file format in which information is encoded in some format other than a standard character-encoding scheme. A file written in binary format contains information that is not displayable as characters. Software capable of understanding the particular binary format method of encoding information must be used to interpret the information in a binary-formatted file. Binary formats are often used to store more information in less space than possible in a character format file. They can also be searched and analyzed more quickly by appropriate software. A file written in binary format could store the number «7» as a binary number (instead of as a character) in as little as 3 bits (i.e., 111), but would more typically use 4 bits (i.e., 0111). Binary formats are not normally portable, however. Software program files are written in binary format. Examples of numeric data files distributed in binary format include the IBM-binary versions of the Center for Research in Security Prices files and the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Trade Data Bank on CD-ROM. The International Monetary Fund distributes International Financial Statistics in a mixed-character format and binary (packed-decimal) format. SAS and SPSS store their system files in binary format[131 - Binary format – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (http://www.umich.edu/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B (https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B)].
Binary number is a number written using binary notation which only uses zeros and ones. Example: Decimal number 7 in binary notation is: 111[132 - Binary number – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (http://www.umich.edu/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B (https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B)].
Binary tree – a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children, which are referred to as the left child and the right child. A recursive definition using just set theory notions is that a (non-empty) binary tree is a tuple (L, S, R), where L and Rare binary trees or the empty set and S is a singleton set. Some authors allow the binary tree to be the empty set as well[133 - Binary tree – Text: electronic. – https://habr.com (https://habr.com/) URL: https://habr.com/ru/post/267855/ (https://habr.com/ru/post/267855/) (date of request: 31.01.2022)].
Bioconservatism (a portmanteau of biology and conservatism) is a stance of hesitancy and skepticism regarding radical technological advances, especially those that seek to modify or enhance the human condition. Bioconservatism is characterized by a belief that technological trends in today’s society risk compromising human dignity, and by opposition to movements and technologies including transhumanism, human genetic modification, «strong» artificial intelligence, and the technological singularity. Many bioconservatives also oppose the use of technologies such as life extension and preimplantation genetic screening[134 - Bioconservatism – Text: electronic. – https://en.wikipedia.org (https://en.wikipedia.org/) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconservatism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconservatism) (date of request: 07.07.2022)],[135 - Bioconservatism – Text: electronic. – www.wise-geek.com (http://www.wise-geek.com/) URL: https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-bioconservatism.htm (https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-bioconservatism.htm) (date of request: 07.07.2022)].
Biomedical informatics is the branch of health informatics that uses data to help clinicians, researchers and scientists improve human health and provide healthcare[136 - Biomedical informatics – Text: electronic. – https://www.techtarget.com (https://www.techtarget.com/) URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions (https://www.techtarget.com/searchhealthit/definitions) (date of request: 10.11.2022)].
Biometrics is a system of recognizing people, by one or more physical or behavioral traits. In information technology, biometric data is used as a form of access ID management and access control[137 - Биометрия. – Text: electronic. – https://ru.wikipedia.org (https://ru.wikipedia.org/) URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Биометрия (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (date of request: 15.01.2022)].
Bio-Techno-System is a hybrid systems between biological systems and technical systems, by means of computer (science)[138 - Bio-Techno-System – Text: electronic. – www.igi-global.com (http://www.igi-global.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/bio-techno-system/2488 (https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/bio-techno-system/2488)].
Bit is the smallest unit of information that a computer can work with. Each bit is either a «1» or a «0». Often computers work with groups of bits rather than one bit at a time; the smallest group of bits a computer usually works with is a byte, which is 8 bits[139 - Bit – Text: electronic. – www.umich.edu (http://www.umich.edu/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B (https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#B)].
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a virtual currency designed to act as money and a form of payment outside the control of any one person, group, or entity, and thus removing the need for third-party involvement in financial transactions. It is rewarded to blockchain miners for the work done to verify transactions and can be purchased on several exchanges[140 - Bitcoin – Text: electronic. – www.investopedia.com (http://www.investopedia.com/) (date of request: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin.asp (https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin.asp)].
